Izinto ezibangela impilo yoluntu (SDOH) zidibene kakhulu nezinto ezininzi zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ukucamngca kubalulekile ekufundeni i-SDH. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa iingxelo ezihlalutya iinkqubo ze-SDH; uninzi lwazo zizifundo ezixubileyo. Sifune ukwenza uvavanyo olude lwenkqubo ye-SDH kwikhosi yemfundo yezempilo yoluntu (CBME) eyaqaliswa ngo-2018 ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba kunye nomxholo wokucamngca okuxelwe ngabafundi kwi-SDH.
Uyilo lophando: Indlela eqhelekileyo yokufundisa uhlalutyo lwedatha esemgangathweni. Inkqubo yeMfundo: Uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo lweeveki ezi-4 kunyango oluqhelekileyo kunye nonyango oluphambili kwiYunivesithi yaseTsukuba School of Medicine, eJapan, lunikezelwa kubo bonke abafundi bezonyango abakunyaka wesihlanu nowesithandathu. Abafundi bachithe iiveki ezintathu besemsebenzini kwiikliniki zoluntu kunye nezibhedlele kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nasemaphandleni e-Ibaraki Prefecture. Emva kosuku lokuqala lweentetho ze-SDH, abafundi bacelwe ukuba balungiselele iingxelo zeemeko ezicwangcisiweyo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko abadibene nazo ngexesha lekhosi. Ngosuku lokugqibela, abafundi babelane ngamava abo kwiintlanganiso zeqela kwaye banikezela iphepha malunga ne-SDH. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka nokuphucula nokubonelela ngophuhliso lootitshala. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo: abafundi abagqibe le nkqubo phakathi kuka-Okthobha 2018 noJuni 2021. Uhlalutyo: Inqanaba lokucamngca lihlelwa njengokucamngca, uhlalutyo okanye inkcazo. Umxholo uhlalutywa kusetyenziswa iqonga leeNkcukacha eziQinisekileyo.
Sihlalutye iingxelo ezili-118 zowama-2018-19, iingxelo ezili-101 zowama-2019-20 kunye neengxelo ezili-142 zowama-2020-21. Bekukho iingxelo ezi-2 (1.7%), ezi-6 (5.9%) kunye nezi-7 (4.8%) zokucamngca, iingxelo ezi-9 (7.6%), ezingama-24 (23.8%) kunye nezi-52 (35.9%) zohlalutyo, ezingama-36 (30.5%) ngokwahlukeneyo, ezingama-48 (47.5%) kunye nezingama-79 (54.5%) zeengxelo ezichazayo. Andiyi kuphawula ezinye. Inani leeprojekthi zeSolid Facts kwingxelo yi-2.0 ± 1.2, 2.6 ± 1.3, kunye ne-3.3 ± 1.4, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Njengoko iiprojekthi ze-SDH kwizifundo ze-CBME ziphuculwa, ukuqonda kwabafundi nge-SDH kuyaqhubeka nzulu. Mhlawumbi oku kwenziwe lula kukuphuhliswa kwe-faculty. Ukuqonda okucacileyo nge-SDH kunokufuna uphuhliso olongezelelekileyo lwe-faculty kunye nemfundo edibeneyo kwisayensi yezentlalo kunye neyeza.
Izinto ezibangela impilo yoluntu (SDH) zizinto ezingezizo ezonyango ezichaphazela imeko yempilo, kuquka indawo abantu abazalelwa kuyo, abakhula kuyo, abasebenza kuyo, abahlala kuyo nabakhula kuyo [1]. I-SDH inempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yabantu, kwaye ukungenelela kwezonyango kuphela akunakutshintsha iziphumo zempilo ze-SDH [1,2,3]. Ababoneleli bezempilo kufuneka baqaphele i-SDH [4, 5] kwaye banikele kuluntu njengabameli bezempilo [6] ukunciphisa iziphumo ezimbi ze-SDH [4,5,6].
Ukubaluleka kokufundisa i-SDH kwimfundo yezonyango yabafundi abasaqalayo kuyaqatshelwa ngokubanzi [4,5,7], kodwa kukwakho nemingeni emininzi enxulumene nemfundo ye-SDH. Kubafundi bezonyango, ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kokudibanisa i-SDH neendlela zezifo zebhayoloji [8] kusenokuba yinto eqhelekileyo, kodwa unxibelelwano phakathi kwemfundo ye-SDH kunye noqeqesho lweklinikhi lusenokunqongophala. Ngokutsho kwe-American Medical Association Alliance for Accelerating Change in Medical Education, imfundo engaphezulu ye-SDH inikezelwa kunyaka wokuqala nowesibini wemfundo yezonyango yabafundi abasaqalayo kunakwiminyaka yesithathu okanye yesine [7]. Ayizizo zonke izikolo zezonyango e-United States ezifundisa i-SDH kwinqanaba leklinikhi [9], ubude bezifundo buyahluka [10], kwaye izifundo zihlala zizinto ezikhethwayo [5, 10]. Ngenxa yokungavisisani malunga nobuchule be-SDH, amaqhinga ovavanyo kubafundi kunye neenkqubo ayahluka [9]. Ukukhuthaza imfundo ye-SDH ngaphakathi kwemfundo yezonyango yabafundi abasaqalayo, kuyimfuneko ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ze-SDH kwiminyaka yokugqibela yemfundo yezonyango yabafundi abasaqalayo kunye nokwenza uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lweeprojekthi [7, 8]. IJapan ikwaqaphele ukubaluleka kwemfundo ye-SDH kwimfundo yezonyango. Ngowama-2017, imfundo ye-SDH yafakwa kwikharityhulam ephambili yokubonisa imfundo yezonyango, icacisa iinjongo ekufuneka zifezekiswe xa ugqibile kwisikolo sezonyango [11]. Oku kugxininiswa ngakumbi kuhlaziyo luka-2022 [12]. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokufundisa nokuvavanya i-SDH azikasekwa eJapan.
Kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili, sivavanye inqanaba lokucamngca kwiingxelo zabafundi bezonyango abaphezulu kunye neenkqubo zabo ngokuvavanya uvavanyo lweprojekthi ye-SDH kwikhosi yemfundo yezonyango esekwe kuluntu (CBME) [13] kwiyunivesithi yaseJapan. Ukuqonda i-SDH [14]. Ukuqonda i-SDH kufuna ukufunda okuguqulayo [10]. Uphando, kuquka nolwethu, lugxile ekucingeni kwabafundi ngokuvavanya iiprojekthi ze-SDH [10, 13]. Kwiikhosi zokuqala esizinikileyo, abafundi babonakala beqonda ezinye izinto ze-SDH ngcono kunezinye, kwaye inqanaba labo lokucinga nge-SDH laliphantsi kakhulu [13]. Abafundi banzulu ukuqonda kwabo nge-SDH ngamava oluntu kwaye baguqula iimbono zabo ngemodeli yezonyango zaba yimodeli yobomi [14]. Ezi ziphumo zixabisekile xa imigangatho yekharityhulam yemfundo ye-SDH kunye novavanyo lwabo kunye novavanyo azikamiselwa ngokupheleleyo [7]. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo olude lweenkqubo ze-SDH zabafundi abaphantsi aluxelwa rhoqo. Ukuba sinokubonisa rhoqo inkqubo yokuphucula nokuvavanya iinkqubo ze-SDH, iya kusebenza njengomzekelo woyilo olungcono kunye novavanyo lweenkqubo ze-SDH, oluya kunceda ukuphuhlisa imigangatho kunye namathuba e-SDH yabafundi abaphantsi.
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukubonisa inkqubo yokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yemfundo ye-SDH kubafundi bezonyango kunye nokwenza uvavanyo olude lwenkqubo yemfundo ye-SDH kwikhosi ye-CBME ngokuvavanya inqanaba lokucamngca kwiingxelo zabafundi.
Olu phononongo lusebenzise indlela yokufundisa ngokubanzi kwaye lwenze uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lwedatha yeprojekthi minyaka le kangangeminyaka emithathu. Luvavanya iingxelo ze-SDH zabafundi bezonyango ababhalise kwiinkqubo ze-SDH ngaphakathi kwezifundo ze-CBME. Uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuhlalutya idatha esemgangathweni apho uhlalutyo lunokukhokelwa ziinjongo ezithile zovavanyo. Injongo kukuvumela iziphumo zophando ukuba zivele kwimixholo eqhelekileyo, elawulayo, okanye ebalulekileyo ekwidatha eluhlaza endaweni yokuba ichazwe kwangaphambili yindlela ecwangcisiweyo [15].
Abathathi-nxaxheba kolu phando yayingabafundi bezonyango bonyaka wesihlanu nowesithandathu kwiYunivesithi yaseTsukuba School of Medicine abagqibe uqeqesho oluyimfuneko lweeveki ezi-4 kwikhosi ye-CBME phakathi kukaSeptemba 2018 noMeyi 2019 (2018–19). Matshi 2020 (2019-20) okanye ngo-Okthobha 2020 nangoJulayi 2021 (2020-21).
Ulwakhiwo lwekhosi ye-CBME yeeveki ezi-4 lwalufana nolwezifundo zethu zangaphambili [13, 14]. Abafundi bathatha i-CBME kunyaka wabo wesihlanu okanye wesithandathu njengenxalenye yekhosi ye-Introduction to Medicine, eyenzelwe ukufundisa ulwazi olusisiseko kwiingcali zonyango, kubandakanya ukukhuthaza impilo, ubuchule, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi koochwephesha. Iinjongo zekharityhulam ye-CBME kukuveza abafundi kumava oogqirha beentsapho ababonelela ngononophelo olufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi; baxele iingxaki zempilo kubemi, izigulane, kunye neentsapho kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo yasekuhlaleni; kwaye baphuhlise izakhono zokuqiqa zeklinikhi. . Rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-4, abafundi abali-15-17 bathatha ikhosi. Ukujikeleza kubandakanya iveki e-1 kwindawo yoluntu, iveki e-1-2 kwikliniki yoluntu okanye kwisibhedlele esincinci, ukuya kuthi ga kwiveki e-1 kwisibhedlele soluntu, kunye neveki e-1 kwicandelo lezonyango losapho kwisibhedlele seyunivesithi. Ngeentsuku zokuqala nezokugqibela, abafundi bahlanganisana eyunivesithi ukuze baye kwiintetho kunye neengxoxo zamaqela. Ngosuku lokuqala, ootitshala bachaze iinjongo zekhosi kubafundi. Abafundi kufuneka bangenise ingxelo yokugqibela enxulumene neenjongo zekhosi. Iingcali ezintathu eziphambili (i-AT, i-SO, kunye ne-JH) zicwangcisa uninzi lweekhosi ze-CBME kunye neeprojekthi ze-SDH. Le nkqubo iqhutywa ziingcali eziphambili kunye neengcali ezili-10-12 ezincedisayo ezibandakanyeka ekufundiseni isidanga sokuqala eyunivesithi ngelixa ziqhuba iinkqubo ze-CBME njengoogqirha beentsapho abasebenzayo okanye iingcali zonyango ezingezizo ezogqirha eziqhelene ne-CBME.
Ulwakhiwo lweprojekthi ye-SDH kwikhosi ye-CBME lulandela ulwakhiwo lwezifundo zethu zangaphambili [13, 14] kwaye luhlala luguqulwa (Umzobo 1). Ngosuku lokuqala, abafundi baya kwintetho ye-SDH eqhutywa ngesandla kwaye bagqibezela imisebenzi ye-SDH ngexesha lokujikeleza kweeveki ezi-4. Abafundi bacelwe ukuba bakhethe umntu okanye usapho abadibene nalo ngexesha loqeqesho lwabo kwaye baqokelele ulwazi ukuze baqwalasele izinto ezinokuthi zichaphazele impilo yabo. I-World Health Organisation inikezela nge-Solid Facts Second Edition [15], amaphepha okusebenzela e-SDH, kunye namaphepha okusebenzela agqityiweyo njengezixhobo zokubhekisa. Ngosuku lokugqibela, abafundi banikezela ngeemeko zabo ze-SDH kumaqela amancinci, iqela ngalinye linabafundi aba-4-5 kunye notitshala omnye. Emva kwentetho, abafundi banikwe umsebenzi wokungenisa ingxelo yokugqibela yekhosi ye-CBME. Bacelwe ukuba bayichaze kwaye bayinxulumanise namava abo ngexesha lokujikeleza kweeveki ezi-4; bacelwe ukuba bachaze 1) ukubaluleka kweengcali zezempilo ukuqonda i-SDH kunye 2) indima yabo ekuxhaseni indima yempilo yoluntu ekufuneka idlalwe. Abafundi banikwe imiyalelo yokubhala ingxelo kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nendlela yokuvavanya ingxelo (izinto ezongezelelweyo). Kuvavanyo lwabafundi, malunga namalungu e-faculty ali-15 (kuquka amalungu e-faculty aphambili) ahlole iingxelo ngokweekhrayitheriya zovavanyo.
Isishwankathelo senkqubo ye-SDH kwikharityhulam ye-CBME ye-University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine kunyaka wezifundo ka-2018-19, kunye nenkqubo yokuphuculwa kwenkqubo ye-SDH kunye nophuhliso lwefakhalthi kwiminyaka yezifundo ka-2019-20 kunye no-2020-21. Unyaka ka-2018-19 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2018 ukuya kuMeyi 2019, u-2019-20 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2019 ukuya kuMatshi 2020, kwaye u-2020-21 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2020 ukuya kuJuni 2021. I-SDH: Izinto ezibangela impilo yoluntu, i-COVID-19: Isifo seCoronavirus 2019
Ukususela ekuqalisweni kwayo ngo-2018, besisoloko sitshintsha inkqubo ye-SDH kwaye sibonelela ngophuhliso lwefakhalthi. Xa le projekthi yaqala ngo-2018, ootitshala abaphambili abayiphuhlisileyo banika iintetho zophuhliso lootitshala kwabanye ootitshala ababeza kuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi ye-SDH. Intetho yokuqala yophuhliso lwefakhalthi igxile kwi-SDH kunye nembono yezentlalo kwiimeko zeklinikhi.
Emva kokugqitywa kweprojekthi kunyaka wesikolo ka-2018-19, sibambe intlanganiso yophuhliso lootitshala ukuze sixoxe size siqinisekise iinjongo zeprojekthi kwaye sitshintshe iprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo yonyaka wesikolo ka-2019-20, eyaqala ngoSeptemba 2019 ukuya kuMatshi 2020, sinikezele ngeZikhokelo zabaQeqeshi, iiFomu zoVavanyo, kunye neekhrayitheriya kubaQeqeshi beFakhalthi ukuba baqhube iiNtetho zeQela le-SDH ngeMixholo ngosuku lokugqibela. Emva kwentetho nganye yeqela, sibambe udliwanondlebe lwamaqela nomququzeleli wootitshala ukuze sicinge ngenkqubo.
Ngonyaka wesithathu wale nkqubo, ukususela ngoSeptemba 2020 ukuya kuJuni 2021, sibambe iintlanganiso zophuhliso lwabasebenzi ukuze sixoxe ngeenjongo zenkqubo yemfundo ye-SDH sisebenzisa ingxelo yokugqibela. Senze utshintsho oluncinci kwisabelo sengxelo yokugqibela kunye neendlela zovavanyo (izinto ezongezelelweyo). Sikwatshintshe ifomathi kunye nexesha lokugqibela lokufaka izicelo ngesandla kunye nokufaka ngaphambi kosuku lokugqibela ukuya ekufakeni nasekufakeni nge-elektroniki kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kwetyala.
Ukuze sichonge imixholo ebalulekileyo neqhelekileyo kuyo yonke ingxelo, sivavanye indlela iinkcazo ze-SDH ezibonakaliswe ngayo saza sakhupha izinto eziqinileyo ezikhankanyiweyo. Ngenxa yokuba uphononongo lwangaphambili [10] luqwalasele ukucamngca njengendlela yokuvavanya imfundo kunye nenkqubo, sigqibe kwelokuba inqanaba elithile lokucamngca kuvavanyo lingasetyenziswa ukuvavanya iinkqubo ze-SDH. Ngenxa yokuba ukucamngca kuchazwa ngokwahlukileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, samkela inkcazo yokucamngca kumxholo wemfundo yezonyango "njengenkqubo yokuhlalutya, ukubuza imibuzo kunye nokwakha kwakhona amava ngenjongo yokuwavavanya ngeenjongo zokufunda." /okanye ukuphucula indlela yokuziqhelanisa,” njengoko kuchaziwe nguAronson, ngokusekelwe kwinkcazo kaMezirow yokucamngca ngokubalulekileyo [16]. Njengakwisifundo sethu sangaphambili [13], ixesha leminyaka emi-4 ngo-2018-19, 2019-20 kunye no-2020-21. kwingxelo yokugqibela, uZhou wahlulwahlulwa njengochazayo, ohlalutyayo, okanye obonakalisayo. Olu hlu lusekelwe kwindlela yokubhala yezemfundo echazwe yiYunivesithi yokuFunda [17]. Ekubeni ezinye izifundo zemfundo zihlole inqanaba lokucamngca ngendlela efanayo [18], sigqibe kwelokuba kufanelekile ukusebenzisa olu hlu ukuvavanya inqanaba lokucamngca kule ngxelo yophando. Ingxelo ebalisayo yingxelo esebenzisa isakhelo se-SDH ukuchaza ityala, kodwa apho kungekho kuhlanganiswa kwezinto. Ingxelo yohlalutyo yingxelo edibanisa izinto ze-SDH. Ingxelo yokucamngca ngezesondo ziingxelo apho ababhali babonakalisa ngakumbi iingcinga zabo malunga ne-SDH. Iingxelo ezingazange ziwele kwenye yezi ndidi zahlulwa njengezingavavanywanga. Sisebenzise uhlalutyo lomxholo olusekelwe kwinkqubo yeSolid Facts, inguqulelo yesi-2, ukuvavanya izinto ze-SDH ezichazwe kwi iingxelo [19]. Okuqulethwe yingxelo yokugqibela kuyahambelana neenjongo zenkqubo. Abafundi bacelwe ukuba bacinge ngamava abo ukuze bachaze ukubaluleka kokuba iingcali zezempilo ziqonde i-SDH kunye nendima yazo kuluntu. I-SO ihlalutye inqanaba lokubonakalisa elichazwe kwingxelo. Emva kokuqwalasela izinto ze-SDH, i-SO, i-JH, kunye ne-AT baxoxe baza baqinisekisa iikhrayitheriya zodidi. I-SO iphinda uhlalutyo. I-SO, i-JH, kunye ne-AT baxoxe ngakumbi ngohlalutyo lweengxelo ezifuna utshintsho ekuhleleni. Bafikelele kwisivumelwano sokugqibela malunga nohlalutyo lwazo zonke iingxelo.
Abafundi abayi-118, 101 kunye ne-142 bebonke bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-SDH kwiminyaka yezifundo ka-2018-19, 2019-20 kunye no-2020-21. Bekukho abafundi abangabasetyhini abangama-35 (29.7%), abangama-34 (33.7%) kunye nama-55 (37.9%) ngokwahlukeneyo.
Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa ukusasazwa kwamanqanaba okucamngca ngonyaka xa kuthelekiswa nophando lwethu lwangaphambili, oluhlalutye amanqanaba okucamngca kwiingxelo ezibhalwe ngabafundi ngo-2018-19 [13]. Ngo-2018-2019, iingxelo ezingama-36 (30.5%) zahlulwahlulwa njengeengxelo ezibalisayo, ngo-2019-2020 - iingxelo ezingama-48 (47.5%), ngo-2020-2021 - iingxelo ezingama-79 (54.5%). Bekukho iingxelo zohlalutyo ezi-9 (7.6%) ngo-2018-19, iingxelo zohlalutyo ezingama-24 (23.8%) ngo-2019-20 kunye nezingama-52 (35.9%) ngo-2020-21. Bekukho iingxelo zokucamngca ezi-2 (1.7%) ngo-2018-19, ezi-6 (5.9%) ngo-2019-20 kunye nezi-7 (4.8%) ngo-2020-21. Iingxelo ezingama-71 (60.2%) zahlulwe njengezingavavanywanga ngo-2018-2019, iingxelo ezingama-23 (22.8%) ngo-2019-2020. kunye neengxelo ezi-7 (4.8%) ngo-2020-2021. Zahlulwe njengezingavavanywanga. Itheyibhile 1 ibonelela ngeengxelo zemizekelo kwinqanaba ngalinye lokubonakalisa.
Inqanaba lokucamngca kwiingxelo zabafundi zeeprojekthi ze-SDH ezinikezelwa kwiminyaka yezifundo ka-2018-19, 2019-20 kunye no-2020-21. U-2018-19 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2018 ukuya kuMeyi 2019, u-2019-20 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2019 ukuya kuMatshi 2020, kwaye u-2020-21 ubhekisa kwisicwangciso esiqala ngo-Okthobha 2020 ukuya kuJuni 2021. I-SDH: Izinto ezichaphazela impilo yoluntu
Ipesenti yezinto ze-SDH ezichazwe kwingxelo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Inani eliqhelekileyo lezinto ezichazwe kwiingxelo yayiyi-2.0 ± 1.2 ngo-2018-19, yi-2.6 ± 1.3 ngo-2019-20. kunye ne-3.3 ± 1.4 ngo-2020-21.
Ipesenti yabafundi abaxele ukuba bakhankanye into nganye kwiSolid Facts Framework (uHlelo lwesi-2) kwiingxelo zika-2018-19, 2019-20, kunye no-2020-21. Ixesha lika-2018-19 libhekisela ku-Okthobha 2018 ukuya kuMeyi 2019, 2019-20 libhekisela ku-Okthobha 2019 ukuya kuMatshi 2020 kwaye u-2020-21 ubhekisela ku-Okthobha 2020 ukuya kuJuni 2021, le yimihla yesikimu. Kunyaka wezifundo ka-2018/19 bekukho abafundi abali-118, kunyaka wezifundo ka-2019/20 - abafundi abali-101, kunyaka wezifundo ka-2020/21 - abafundi abali-142.
Singenise inkqubo yemfundo ye-SDH kwikhosi ye-CBME efunekayo kubafundi bezonyango abasaqalayo saza sabonisa iziphumo zovavanyo lweminyaka emithathu lwenkqubo oluvavanya inqanaba lokucamngca kwe-SDH kwiingxelo zabafundi. Emva kweminyaka emi-3 yokuphumeza le projekthi nokuyiphucula ngokuqhubekayo, uninzi lwabafundi bakwazile ukuchaza i-SDH nokuchaza ezinye zezinto ze-SDH kwingxelo. Kwelinye icala, bambalwa abafundi abakwazileyo ukubhala iingxelo zokucamngca nge-SDH.
Xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka wesikolo ka-2018-19, iminyaka yesikolo ka-2019-20 kunye no-2020-21 ibone ukunyuka kancinci kancinci kwinani leengxelo zohlalutyo nezichazayo, ngelixa inani leengxelo ezingavavanywanga lehla kakhulu, oku kusenokuba kungenxa yophuculo kwinkqubo nophuhliso lootitshala. Uphuhliso lootitshala lubalulekile kwiinkqubo zemfundo ze-SDH [4, 9]. Sibonelela ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lobuchwephesha kootitshala abathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Xa le nkqubo yaqaliswa ngo-2018, i-Japan Primary Care Association, enye yemibutho yezemfundo yaseJapan yezonyango zosapho kunye nempilo yoluntu, yayisandula ukupapasha ingxelo malunga ne-SDH yoogqirha bonyango oluphambili baseJapan. Uninzi lootitshala aluqhelananga negama elithi SDH. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi kunye nokusebenzisana nabafundi ngeentetho zamatyala, ootitshala bakhulisa ukuqonda kwabo nge-SDH kancinci kancinci. Ukongeza, ukucacisa iinjongo zeenkqubo ze-SDH ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lootitshala kunokunceda ukuphucula iziqinisekiso zootitshala. Enye ingcamango enokwenzeka kukuba le nkqubo iphucukile ngokuhamba kwexesha. Uphuculo olunjalo olucwangcisiweyo lunokufuna ixesha elininzi kunye nomzamo. Ngokuphathelele isicwangciso sika-2020–2021, impembelelo yobhubhane we-COVID-19 kubomi babafundi nakwimfundo yabo [20, 21, 22, 23] inokubangela ukuba abafundi babone i-SDH njengomcimbi ochaphazela ubomi babo kwaye ibancede bacinge nge-SDH.
Nangona inani lezinto ze-SDH ezikhankanyiweyo kwingxelo linyukile, ukuvela kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kuyahluka, ezinokunxulunyaniswa neempawu zendawo yokusebenza. Amanani aphezulu enkxaso yoluntu awamangalisi xa kujongwa ukudibana rhoqo nezigulana esele zifumana unyango. Uthutho lukhankanyiwe rhoqo, olunokubangelwa kukuba iindawo ze-CBME zikwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye zasemaphandleni apho abafundi bafumana iimeko zothutho ezingathandekiyo kwaye banethuba lokunxibelelana nabantu kwiindawo ezinjalo. Kwakhona kukhankanyiwe uxinzelelo, ukuhlukaniswa nabantu, umsebenzi nokutya, okunokwenzeka ukuba abafundi abaninzi bakuva emsebenzini. Kwelinye icala, impembelelo yokungalingani kwezentlalo kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi kwimpilo kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda ngeli xesha lifutshane lokufunda. Izinto ze-SDH abafundi abadibana nazo emsebenzini zinokuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zendawo yokusebenza.
Uphononongo lwethu luxabisekile kuba sihlala sivavanya inkqubo ye-SDH ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-CBME esiyinika abafundi bezonyango abasaqalayo ngokuvavanya inqanaba lokucamngca kwiingxelo zabafundi. Abafundi bezonyango abaphezulu abaye bafunda amayeza eklinikhi iminyaka emininzi banembono yezonyango. Ngoko ke, banamandla okufunda ngokunxulumanisa isayensi yoluntu efunekayo kwiinkqubo ze-SDH neembono zabo zonyango [14]. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubonelela ngeenkqubo ze-SDH kwaba bafundi. Kolu phononongo, sikwazile ukuqhuba uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo ngokuvavanya inqanaba lokucamngca kwiingxelo zabafundi. UCampbell et al. Ngokwengxelo, izikolo zonyango zase-US kunye neenkqubo zoncedo loogqirha zivavanya iinkqubo ze-SDH ngophando, amaqela agxile kuwo, okanye idatha yovavanyo lwamaqela aphakathi. Iikhrayitheriya zokulinganisa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kuvavanyo lweprojekthi yimpendulo yabafundi kunye nolwaneliseko, ulwazi lwabafundi, kunye nokuziphatha kwabafundi [9], kodwa indlela esemgangathweni nesebenzayo yokuvavanya iiprojekthi zemfundo ze-SDH ayikamiselwa. Olu phononongo lubonisa utshintsho olude kuvavanyo lwenkqubo kunye nophuculo oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo kwaye luya kuncedisa kuphuhliso kunye novavanyo lweenkqubo ze-SDH kwamanye amaziko emfundo.
Nangona inqanaba elipheleleyo lokucamngca kwabafundi linyuke kakhulu kulo lonke ixesha lokufunda, inani labafundi ababhala iingxelo zokucamngca lihlala liphantsi. Iindlela ezongezelelweyo zezentlalo zinokufuneka ziphuhliswe ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi. Izabelo kwinkqubo ye-SDH zifuna abafundi ukuba badibanise iimbono zezentlalo nezezonyango, ezahluke ngobunzima xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli yezonyango [14]. Njengoko sitshilo ngasentla, kubalulekile ukubonelela ngezifundo ze-SDH kubafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo, kodwa ukuququzelela nokuphucula iinkqubo zemfundo ukuqala kwangethuba kwimfundo yezonyango, ukuphuhlisa iimbono zezentlalo nezezonyango, kunye nokuzidibanisa kunokuba luncedo ekuphuculeni inkqubela phambili yabafundi. 'phuhlisa. Ukuqonda i-SDH. Ukwandiswa okungakumbi kweembono zezentlalo zootitshala kunokunceda ukwandisa ukucamngca kwabafundi.
Olu qeqesho lunemida eliqela. Okokuqala, indawo yokufunda yayilinganiselwe kwisikolo esinye sezonyango eJapan, kwaye indawo ye-CBME yayilinganiselwe kwindawo enye kwiindawo zasezidolophini okanye zasemaphandleni eJapan, njengakwizifundo zethu zangaphambili [13, 14]. Sichaze imvelaphi yolu phononongo kunye nezifundo zangaphambili ngokweenkcukacha. Nangona kukho le mida, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba sibonise iziphumo ezivela kwiiprojekthi ze-SDH kwiiprojekthi ze-CBME kule minyaka idlulileyo. Okwesibini, ngokusekelwe kolu phononongo lodwa, kunzima ukumisela ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuphumeza ukufunda okucingisisayo ngaphandle kweenkqubo ze-SDH. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukukhuthaza ukufunda okucingisisayo kwe-SDH kwimfundo yezonyango yabafundi abaphantsi. Okwesithathu, umbuzo wokuba uphuhliso lwe-faculty lunegalelo ekuphuculeni inkqubo ungaphaya kweengcamango zolu phando. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokwakha iqela lootitshala kufuna uphononongo olongezelelweyo kunye novavanyo.
Siqhube uvavanyo olude lwenkqubo yemfundo ye-SDH kubafundi bezonyango abaphezulu kwikharityhulam ye-CBME. Sibonisa ukuba ukuqonda kwabafundi nge-SDH kuyaqhubeka nzulu njengoko inkqubo ikhula. Ukuphucula iinkqubo ze-SDH kunokufuna ixesha nomgudu, kodwa uphuhliso lootitshala olujolise ekwandiseni ukuqonda kootitshala nge-SDH lunokuba luncedo. Ukuphucula ngakumbi ukuqonda kwabafundi nge-SDH, izifundo ezidityaniswe ngakumbi kwisayensi yezentlalo kunye neyeza zinokufuneka ziphuhliswe.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-28-2023