Ukuqhekeka kwesidumbu sendabuko kuyaphela, ngelixa iimodeli zeplastination kunye ne-3D printed (3DP) zithandwa kakhulu njengendlela eyahlukileyo yeendlela zokufundisa i-anatomy zendabuko. Akucaci ukuba ziziphi amandla kunye nobuthathaka bezi zixhobo zintsha kunye nendlela ezinokuchaphazela ngayo amava okufunda i-anatomy yabafundi, equka ixabiso lobuntu njengentlonipho, inkathalo, kunye novelwano.
Emva nje kophando olucwangcisiweyo olusebenzisa i-cross-over, kwamenywa abafundi abangama-96. Uyilo olusebenzayo lwasetyenziswa ukuhlola amava okufunda kusetyenziswa iimodeli ze-anatomically plasticized kunye ne-3D zentliziyo (Isigaba 1, n=63) kunye nentamo (Isigaba 2, n=33). Uhlalutyo lwemixholo oluqhutywayo lwenziwe ngokusekelwe kuphononongo lwesicatshulwa sasimahla ezingama-278 (ngokubhekiselele kumandla, ubuthathaka, iindawo zokuphucula) kunye neengxelo ezibhaliweyo zamaqela agxile (n = 8) malunga nokufunda i-anatomic kusetyenziswa ezi zixhobo.
Kuchongwe imixholo emine: ukunyaniseka okubonwayo, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nobunzima, isimo sengqondo sentlonipho kunye nokukhathalela, iindlela ezininzi zokuqhuba izinto, kunye nobunkokeli.
Ngokubanzi, abafundi babevakalelwa kukuba iisampuli ezifakwe iplastikhi zaziyinyani ngakumbi kwaye ngenxa yoko baziva behlonitshwa kwaye bekhathalelwe ngakumbi kuneemodeli ze-3DP, ezazilula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye zilungele ngakumbi ukufunda i-anatomy esisiseko.
Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu somntu kube yindlela yokufundisa eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwimfundo yezonyango ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-17 [1, 2]. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kokufikelela, iindleko eziphezulu zokugcinwa kwesidumbu [3, 4], ukuncipha okukhulu kwexesha loqeqesho lwe-anatomy [1, 5], kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji [3, 6], izifundo ze-anatomy ezifundiswa ngeendlela zemveli zokuqhekeza ziyancipha. Oku kuvula amathuba amatsha okuphanda iindlela ezintsha zokufundisa kunye nezixhobo, ezifana neesampuli zabantu ezifakwe iplastini kunye neemodeli eziprintiweyo ze-3D (3DP) [6,7,8].
Isixhobo ngasinye kwezi sineengenelo kunye neengxaki. Iisampulu ezifakwe ipleyiti zomile, azinavumba, ziyinyani kwaye azinabungozi [9,10,11], nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele ukufundisa kunye nokubandakanya abafundi ekufundeni nasekuqondeni i-anatomy. Nangona kunjalo, ziqinile kwaye aziguquguquki kangako [10, 12], ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba kunzima ukuzilawula nokufikelela kwizakhiwo ezinzulu [9]. Ngokuphathelele iindleko, iisampulu ezenziwe ngeplastiki ngokubanzi zibiza kakhulu ukuzithenga nokuzigcina kuneemodeli ze-3DP [6,7,8]. Kwelinye icala, iimodeli ze-3DP zivumela ubume obahlukeneyo [7, 13] kunye nemibala [6, 14] kwaye zinokwabelwa kwiindawo ezithile, nto leyo enceda abafundi ukuba babone, bahlukanise kwaye bakhumbule izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ngokulula, nangona oku kubonakala kungenzeki kangako kuneesampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki.
Izifundo ezininzi zihlolisise iziphumo zokufunda/ukusebenza kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zomzimba ezifana neesampuli zeplastiki, imifanekiso ye-2D, amacandelo amanzi, iitafile ze-Anatomage (Anatomage Inc., San Jose, CA) kunye neemodeli ze-3DP [11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zahlukile ngokuxhomekeke ekukhetheni isixhobo soqeqesho esisetyenziswa kumaqela olawulo kunye nokungenelela, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba [14, 22]. Umzekelo, xa isetyenziswa kunye neetafile ze-wet dissection [11, 15] kunye neetafile ze-autopsy [20], abafundi baxele ulwaneliseko lokufunda oluphezulu kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga neesampuli zeplastiki. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kweepateni zeplastiki kubonisa isiphumo esihle solwazi lwabafundi olujolise ngqo [23, 24].
Iimodeli ze-3DP zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukongeza iindlela zokufundisa zemveli [14,17,21]. ULoke et al. (2017) baxele ngokusetyenziswa kwemodeli ye-3DP ukuqonda isifo sentliziyo sokuzalwa kugqirha wabantwana [18]. Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba iqela le-3DP lalinolwaneliseko lokufunda oluphezulu, ukuqonda okungcono kwe-tetrad kaFallot, kunye nokukwazi okuphuculweyo ukulawula izigulane (ukuzisebenzela) xa kuthelekiswa neqela lemifanekiso ye-2D. Ukufunda i-anatomy yomthi wemithambo yegazi kunye ne-anatomy ye-skull kusetyenziswa iimodeli ze-3DP kubonelela ngolwaneliseko lokufunda olufanayo njengemifanekiso ye-2D [16, 17]. Ezi zifundo zibonise ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zingcono kunemifanekiso ye-2D ngokubhekiselele kulwaneliseko lokufunda olubonwa ngabafundi. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezithelekisa ngokukodwa iimodeli ze-3DP ezininzi kunye neesampuli zeplastiki zinqongophele. UMogali et al. (2021) basebenzise imodeli yeplastination kunye neemodeli zayo zentliziyo nentamo ze-3DP kwaye baxela ukwanda okufanayo kolwazi phakathi kwamaqela olawulo kunye namaqela ovavanyo [21].
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ubungqina obongezelelekileyo ukuze kufunyanwe ukuqonda okunzulu kokuba kutheni amava okufunda abafundi exhomekeke ekukhetheni izixhobo zomzimba kunye namalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba kunye namalungu omzimba [14, 22]. Imilinganiselo yobuntu yinto enomdla enokuthi ichaphazele le mbono. Oku kubhekisa kwintlonipho, inkathalo, uvelwano kunye novelwano olulindelekileyo kubafundi ababa ngoogqirha [25, 26]. Imilinganiselo yobuntu ibisoloko ifunwa kwii-autopsies, njengoko abafundi befundiswa ukuba novelwano kunye nokunyamekela izidumbu ezinikelweyo, kwaye ke ngoko ukufunda nge-anatomy bekusoloko kuthatha indawo ekhethekileyo [27, 28]. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuqhelekanga ukulinganiswa kwi-plasticizing kunye nezixhobo ze-3DP. Ngokungafaniyo nemibuzo yophando lwe-Likert evaliweyo, iindlela zokuqokelela idatha esemgangathweni ezifana neengxoxo zamaqela agxileyo kunye nemibuzo yophando evulekileyo inika ukuqonda kwizimvo zabathathi-nxaxheba ezibhalwe ngokulandelelana okungacwangciswanga ukuchaza impembelelo yezixhobo zokufunda ezintsha kumava abo okufunda.
Ngoko ke olu phando lujolise ekuphenduleni ukuba abafundi babona njani ngokwahlukileyo i-anatomy xa benikwa izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo (i-plastination) xa kuthelekiswa nemifanekiso eprintiweyo ye-3D ebonakalayo ukuze bafunde i-anatomy?
Ukuphendula le mibuzo ingentla, abafundi banethuba lokufumana, ukuqokelela kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi lwe-anatomical ngokusebenzisana kweqela kunye nentsebenziswano. Le ngcamango ivumelana kakuhle nethiyori ye-constructivist, apho abantu okanye amaqela entlalo adala kwaye abelane ngolwazi lwabo ngokukhutheleyo [29]. Unxibelelwano olunjalo (umzekelo, phakathi koontanga, phakathi kwabafundi nootitshala) luchaphazela ulwaneliseko lokufunda [30, 31]. Kwangaxeshanye, amava okufunda abafundi aya kuchaphazeleka zizinto ezifana nokufunda lula, indawo engqongileyo, iindlela zokufundisa, kunye nomxholo wekhosi [32]. Emva koko, ezi mpawu zinokuchaphazela ukufunda kwabafundi kunye nokuqonda izihloko ezinomdla kubo [33, 34]. Oku kunokunxulunyaniswa nembono yethiyori ye-pragmatic epistemology, apho ukuvuna kokuqala okanye ukwakheka kwamava omntu, ubukrelekrele, kunye neenkolelo kunokumisela ikhondo elilandelayo lesenzo [35]. Indlela ye-pragmatic icwangciswe ngononophelo ukuchonga izihloko ezintsonkothileyo kunye nolandelelwano lwazo ngodliwanondlebe kunye nophando, kulandele uhlalutyo lwemixholo [36].
Iisampulu zezidumbu zihlala zithathwa njengabacebisi abathuleyo, njengoko zibonwa njengezipho ezibalulekileyo ukuze kuzuze isayensi noluntu, zikhuthaza intlonipho nombulelo kubafundi kubanikeli babo [37, 38]. Izifundo zangaphambili zibike amanqaku afanayo okanye aphezulu phakathi kweqela lesidumbu/iplastination kunye neqela le-3DP [21, 39], kodwa bekungacaci ukuba abafundi babelana ngamava okufunda afanayo, kuquka neempawu zobuntu, phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Uphando olongezelelweyo, olu phononongo lusebenzisa umgaqo we-pragmatism [36] ukuhlola amava okufunda kunye neempawu zeemodeli ze-3DP (umbala kunye nobume) kwaye uzithelekise neesampulu zeplastinated ngokusekelwe kwimpendulo yabafundi.
Iimbono zabafundi zinokuchaphazela izigqibo zootitshala malunga nokukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ze-anatomy ngokusekelwe kwinto esebenzayo nengasebenziyo ekufundiseni i-anatomy. Olu lwazi lunokunceda ootitshala ukuba bachonge izinto abafundi abazikhethayo baze basebenzise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlalutya ukuphucula amava abo okufunda.
Olu phononongo lwemigangatho lujolise ekuphononongeni oko abafundi bakugqala njengamava okufunda abalulekileyo besebenzisa iisampulu zentliziyo nentamo ezenziwe ngeplastiki xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli ze-3DP. Ngokutsho kophando lokuqala olwenziwe nguMogali et al. ngo-2018, abafundi bagqala iisampulu ezenziwe ngeplastiki njengezinto ezinokwenzeka ngakumbi kuneemodeli ze-3DP [7]. Ngoko ke masicinge:
Ngenxa yokuba iiplastinations zenziwe ngeengxwelerha zokwenyani, abafundi kulindeleke ukuba bazijonge kakuhle iiplastinations kuneemodeli ze-3DP ngokubhekiselele kukunyaniseka kunye nexabiso lobuntu.
Olu phononongo lwekhwalithi lunxulumene nezifundo ezimbini zangaphambili zobungakanani [21, 40] kuba idatha evezwe kuzo zontathu izifundo iqokelelwe ngaxeshanye kwisampulu efanayo yabathathi-nxaxheba babafundi. Inqaku lokuqala libonise iindlela ezifanayo zokulinganisa iinjongo (amanqaku ovavanyo) phakathi kweplastination kunye namaqela e-3DP [21], kwaye inqaku lesibini lisebenzise uhlalutyo lwezinto ukuphuhlisa isixhobo esiqinisekisiweyo ngokwengqondo (izinto ezine, izinto ezili-19) ukulinganisa izakhiwo zemfundo ezifana nolwaneliseko lokufunda, ukusebenza kakuhle, ixabiso lobuntu, kunye nemida yokufunda [40]. Olu phononongo luhlolisise iingxoxo zamaqela ezivulelekileyo nezigxileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuze kufunyanwe oko abafundi bakugqala kubalulekile xa befunda i-anatomy besebenzisa iisampuli zeplastinated kunye neemodeli eziprintiweyo ze-3D. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo lwahlukile kumanqaku amabini angaphambili ngokweenjongo zophando/imibuzo, idatha, kunye neendlela zohlalutyo ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi ngempendulo yabafundi esemgangathweni (izimvo zesicatshulwa sasimahla kunye nengxoxo yamaqela agxileyo) ekusebenziseni izixhobo ze-3DP xa kuthelekiswa neesampuli zeplastiki. Oku kuthetha ukuba olu phononongo lusombulula ngokusisiseko umbuzo wophando owahlukileyo kunamanqaku amabini angaphambili [21, 40].
Kwiziko lombhali, i-anatomy idityaniswe kwizifundo zenkqubo ezifana ne-cardiopulmonary, i-endocrinology, i-musculoskeletal, njl.njl., kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yenkqubo yeminyaka emihlanu yeBachelor of Medicine kunye neBachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Iisampuli ezifakwe iplasta, iimodeli zeplastiki, imifanekiso yezonyango, kunye neemodeli ze-3D ezibonakalayo zihlala zisetyenziswa endaweni yesampuli zokuqhawula okanye zokuqhawula ezimanzi ukuxhasa umkhuba we-anatomy ngokubanzi. Iiseshoni zokufunda zamaqela zithatha indawo yeentetho zemveli ezifundiswayo ngokugxila ekusebenziseni ulwazi olufunyenweyo. Ekupheleni kwemodyuli nganye yenkqubo, thatha uvavanyo lokuziqhelanisa lwe-anatomy olukwi-intanethi oluquka iimpendulo ezingama-20 ezilungileyo zomntu ngamnye (ii-SBA) ezigubungela i-anatomy ngokubanzi, imifanekiso, kunye ne-histology. Lilonke, iimvavanyo ezintlanu zokwakheka zenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo (ezintathu kunyaka wokuqala nezimbini kunyaka wesibini). Uvavanyo olubhaliweyo oludibeneyo lweMinyaka yoku-1 neyesi-2 luquka amaphepha amabini, ngalinye liqulathe ii-SBA ezili-120. I-Anatomy iba yinxalenye yolu vavanyo kwaye isicwangciso sovavanyo simisela inani lemibuzo ye-anatomy ekufuneka ifakiwe.
Ukuze kuphuculwe umlinganiselo womfundi kwisampulu, iimodeli zangaphakathi ze-3DP ezisekelwe kwiisampulu ezifakwe iplastini zifundwe ukuze kufundiswe kwaye kufundwe i-anatomy. Oku kunika ithuba lokumisela ixabiso lemfundo leemodeli ezintsha ze-3DP xa kuthelekiswa neesampulu ezifakwe iplastini ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe ngokusesikweni kwikharityhulam ye-anatomy.
Kolu phononongo, i-computed tomography (CT) (i-64-slice Somatom Definition Flash CT scanner, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) yenziwe kwiimodeli zeplastiki zentliziyo (intliziyo enye epheleleyo kunye nentliziyo enye kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo) kunye nentloko nentamo (enye epheleleyo kunye nentloko enye ye-midsagittal plane head-neck) (Umzobo 1). Imifanekiso yeDijithali ye-Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) yafunyanwa yaza yafakwa kwi-3D Slicer (iinguqulelo 4.8.1 kunye ne-4.10.2, iHarvard Medical School, eBoston, eMassachusetts) ukuze kwahlulwe ulwakhiwo ngohlobo olufana nezihlunu, imithambo-luvo, imithambo-luvo, kunye namathambo. Iifayile ezihlulwe zafakwa kwiMaterialize Magics (Inguqulelo 22, iMaterialize NV, eLeuven, eBelgium) ukuze kususwe iigobolondo zengxolo, kwaye iimodeli eziprintiweyo zagcinwa kwifomathi ye-STL, ezathi emva koko zadluliselwa kwiprinta ye-Objet 500 Connex3 Polyjet (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN) ukuze kwenziwe iimodeli ze-anatomical ze-3D. Iiresini ezikwaziyo ukupholishwa kunye nee-elastomers ezicacileyo (iVeroYellow, iVeroMagenta kunye neTangoPlus) ziqina umaleko ngomnye nomnye phantsi kwesenzo semitha ye-UV, zinika isakhiwo ngasinye sokwakheka komzimba ubume baso kunye nombala waso.
Izixhobo zokufunda i-Anatomy ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo. Ekhohlo: Intamo; ekunene: Ipleyiti kunye nentliziyo eprintiweyo ye-3D.
Ukongeza, i-ascending aorta kunye ne-coronary system zikhethwe kwimodeli yentliziyo yonke, kwaye kwakhiwe ii-base scaffolds ukuze zinamathele kwimodeli (inguqulelo 22, iMaterialize NV, eLeuven, eBelgium). Le modeli iprintwe kwiprinta yeRaise3D Pro2 (Raise3D Technologies, eIrvine, CA) kusetyenziswa i-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament. Ukubonisa imithambo yemodeli, izixhobo ezixhasayo zeTPU eziprintiweyo kwafuneka zisuswe kwaye imithambo yegazi ipeyintwe nge-acrylic ebomvu.
Abafundi beBachelor of Medicine bonyaka wokuqala kwiLee Kong Chiang Faculty of Medicine kunyaka wezifundo ka-2020-2021 (n = 163, amadoda angama-94 kunye nabasetyhini abangama-69) bafumene isimemo se-imeyile sokuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu phononongo njengomsebenzi wokuzithandela. Uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lwenziwe ngamanqanaba amabini, okokuqala ngokusikwa kwentliziyo kwaze kwalandela ngokusikwa kwentamo. Kukho ixesha lokuhlamba iiveki ezintandathu phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini ukunciphisa iziphumo eziseleyo. Kuzo zombini izigaba, abafundi babengaboni kakuhle kwizihloko zokufunda kunye nemisebenzi yamaqela. Akukho bantu bangaphezulu kwabathandathu kwiqela. Abafundi abafumene iisampulu zeplastinati kwinyathelo lokuqala bafumana iimodeli ze-3DP kwinyathelo lesibini. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, omabini amaqela afumana intetho yokwazisa (imizuzu engama-30) kumntu wesithathu (utitshala ophezulu) elandelwa kukuzifundela (imizuzu engama-50) kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokuzifundela ezibonelelweyo kunye neencwadana.
Uluhlu lokuhlola lweCOREQ (iikhrayitheriya ezipheleleyo zengxelo yophando olusemgangathweni) lusetyenziselwa ukukhokela uphando olusemgangathweni.
Abafundi banike ingxelo ngezixhobo zokufunda zophando ngophando oluquka imibuzo emithathu evulelekileyo malunga namandla abo, ubuthathaka babo, kunye namathuba ophuhliso. Bonke abaphenduli abangama-96 banike iimpendulo ezikhululekileyo. Emva koko abafundi abasibhozo abazivolontiya (n = 8) bathatha inxaxheba kwiqela elijolise kulo. Udliwanondlebe lwenziwe kwiZiko loQeqesho lweAnatomy (apho kwenziwa khona uvavanyo) kwaye lwenziwa nguMphandi 4 (Ph.D.), umqeqeshi oyindoda ongengowe-anatomy onamava angaphezu kweminyaka eli-10 okuncedisa i-TBL, kodwa engabandakanyekanga kuqeqesho lweqela lophando. Abafundi babengazazi iimpawu zobuqu zabaphandi (okanye iqela lophando) ngaphambi kokuqala kophando, kodwa ifomu yemvume yabazisa ngenjongo yophando. Ngumphandi 4 kuphela kunye nabafundi abathathe inxaxheba kwiqela elijolise kulo. Umphandi uchaze iqela elijolise kulo kubafundi waza wababuza ukuba bangathanda na ukuthatha inxaxheba. Babelane ngamava abo okufunda ukuprinta kwe-3D kunye nokufakelwa kweplastination kwaye babenomdla kakhulu. Umqhubi ubuze imibuzo emithandathu ekhokelayo ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenze (Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo 1). Imizekelo ibandakanya ingxoxo ngemiba yezixhobo zomzimba ezikhuthaza ukufunda nokufunda, kunye nendima yovelwano ekusebenzeni ngemizekelo enjalo. “Ungawuchaza njani amava akho okufunda i-anatomy usebenzisa imizekelo yeplastine kunye neekopi eziprintiweyo ze-3D?” yayingumbuzo wokuqala wodliwanondlebe. Yonke imibuzo ivulelekile, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baphendule imibuzo ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kweendawo ezikhethayo, ivumela idatha entsha ukuba ifunyanwe kwaye imingeni yoyiswe ngezixhobo zokufunda. Abathathi-nxaxheba abazange bafumane zirekhodi zezimvo okanye uhlalutyo lweziphumo. Uhlobo lokuzithandela lophando luthintele ukugcwala kwedatha. Ingxoxo yonke ireyipishwe ukuze ihlalutywe.
Ukurekhoda kweqela elijolise kulo (imizuzu engama-35) kubhalwe ngokwezwi nezwi kwaye kwaguqulwa kwaza kwasetyenziswa amagama angengowomntu (kwasetyenziswa amagama angamanga). Ukongeza, kwaqokelelwa imibuzo yemibuzo evulelekileyo. Iingxelo zeqela elijolise kulo kunye nemibuzo yophando zangeniswa kwispredishithi yeMicrosoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) ukuze kulungiswe idatha kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo ukuze kuhlolwe iziphumo ezifanayo okanye ezihambelanayo okanye iziphumo ezintsha [41]. Oku kwenziwa ngohlalutyo lwethiyori [41, 42]. Iimpendulo zesicatshulwa somfundi ngamnye zongezwa kwinani lilonke leempendulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izimvo eziqulethe izivakalisi ezininzi ziya kuthathwa njengenye. Iimpendulo ezingenayo ingcaciso, akukho nanye okanye akukho ngcaciso ziya kutyeshelwa. Abaphandi abathathu (umphandi ongumfazi onePh.D., umphandi ongumfazi onedigri ye-master, kunye nomncedisi oyindoda onedigri ye-bachelor kwi-engineering kunye neminyaka eli-1-3 yamava ophando kwimfundo yezonyango) babhala idatha engacwangciswanga ngokuzimeleyo. Abaqulunqi beenkqubo ezintathu basebenzisa iiphedi zokudweba zokwenyani ukwahlula amanqaku emva kwe-it ngokusekelwe kufana kunye nomahluko. Kuqhutywe iiseshoni ezininzi ukuze kulandelwe iikhowudi kunye neekhowudi zamaqela ngokusebenzisa ukuqatshelwa kweepateni ezicwangcisiweyo neziphindaphindwayo, apho iikhowudi zahlulwahlulwa ukuze kuchongwe izihloko ezincinci (iimpawu ezithile okanye ngokubanzi ezifana neempawu ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zezixhobo zokufunda) ezathi emva koko zakha imixholo ebanzi [41]. Ukuze kufikelelwe kwisivumelwano, umphandi oyindoda onama-6 (Ph.D.) onamava eminyaka eli-15 ekufundiseni i-anatomy wavuma izifundo zokugqibela.
Ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo saseHelsinki, iBhodi yoHlolo lweZiko leYunivesithi yeTekhnoloji yaseNanyang (IRB) (2019-09-024) ivavanye inkqubo yokufunda yaza yafumana imvume efunekayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banike imvume enolwazi kwaye baxelelwa ngelungelo labo lokurhoxa ekuthatheni inxaxheba nangaliphi na ixesha.
Abafundi bezonyango abaneminyaka engamashumi alithoba anesithandathu abafunda unyaka wokuqala banike imvume epheleleyo enolwazi, ulwazi olusisiseko olufana nesini kunye nobudala, kwaye babhengeze ukuba akukho qeqesho lusemthethweni lwangaphambili kwi-anatomy. Isigaba soku-1 (intliziyo) kunye neSigaba sesi-2 (ukusika intamo) zazibandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-63 (amadoda angama-33 kunye nabafazi abangama-30) kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-33 (amadoda ali-18 kunye nabafazi abali-15), ngokulandelelana. Ubudala babo babuphakathi kweminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-21 (umyinge ± ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo: iminyaka eli-19.3 ± 0.9). Bonke abafundi abangama-96 baphendule imibuzo (akukho bayekayo), kwaye abafundi abasi-8 bathathe inxaxheba kumaqela okugxila. Kwakukho izimvo ezivulekileyo ezingama-278 malunga nezinto ezilungileyo, iingxaki, kunye neemfuno zokuphucula. Akukho mahluko phakathi kwedatha ehlalutyiweyo kunye nengxelo yeziphumo.
Kuzo zonke iingxoxo zamaqela ekugxilwe kuzo kunye neempendulo zophando, kwavela imixholo emine: ubunyani obubonwayo, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nobunzima, isimo sengqondo sentlonipho nokukhathalela, iindlela ezininzi, kunye nobunkokeli (Umfanekiso 2). Isihloko ngasinye sichazwe ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngezantsi.
Izihloko ezine—ubunyani obubonwayo, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nobunzima, intlonipho kunye nenkathalo, kunye nokukhetha imidiya yokufunda—zisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwemixholo yemibuzo yophando oluvulelekileyo kunye neengxoxo zamaqela agxile kuwo. Izinto ezikwiibhokisi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimthubi zimele iimpawu zesampulu eqhotsiweyo kunye nemodeli ye-3DP, ngokulandelelana. I-3DP = ukuprinta kwe-3D
Abafundi babecinga ukuba iisampuli ezifakwe iplastikhi zazinobunyani ngakumbi, zinemibala yendalo emele izidumbu zokwenyani, kwaye zineenkcukacha ezintle zomzimba kuneemodeli ze-3DP. Umzekelo, ukujongwa kwefayibha yemisipha kuyabonakala ngakumbi kwiisampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli ze-3DP. Lo mahluko uboniswe kwingxelo engezantsi.
"...ineenkcukacha ezininzi kwaye ichanekile, njengokuba ivela kumntu wokwenene (umthathi-nxaxheba we-C17; uphononongo lwe-free-form plastination)."
Abafundi baqaphele ukuba izixhobo ze-3DP ziluncedo ekufundeni i-anatomy esisiseko kunye nokuvavanya iimpawu eziphambili ze-macroscopic, ngelixa iisampuli zeplastiki zazilungele ukwandisa ulwazi lwabo kunye nokuqonda izakhiwo kunye nemimandla enzima ye-anatomy. Abafundi bavakalelwa kukuba nangona zombini ezi zixhobo zazifana ncamashi, babephoswa lulwazi oluxabisekileyo xa besebenza ngeemodeli ze-3DP xa kuthelekiswa neesampuli zeplastini. Oku kuchazwe kwingxelo engezantsi.
“…bekukho iingxaki ezithile ezifana… iinkcukacha ezincinci ezifana ne-fossa ovale… ngokubanzi imodeli ye-3D yentliziyo ingasetyenziswa… entanyeni, mhlawumbi ndiza kufunda imodeli ye-plastination ngokuzithemba ngakumbi (umthathi-nxaxheba we-PA1; 3DP, ingxoxo yeqela elijolise kuyo”).
"...izakhiwo ezipheleleyo zingabonwa... ngokweenkcukacha, iisampuli ze-3DP ziluncedo ekufundeni, umzekelo, izakhiwo eziqinileyo (kunye) nezinto ezinkulu neziqondakala lula njengezihlunu kunye namalungu omzimba... mhlawumbi (kubantu) abasenokungakwazi ukufikelela kwiisampuli ezifakwe iplastikhi (umthathi-nxaxheba we-PA3; 3DP, ingxoxo yeqela elijolise kulo)".
Abafundi babonakalise intlonipho nenkxalabo engakumbi ngeesampuli ezifakwe iplastini, kodwa babekwaxhalabile ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo ngenxa yobuthathaka baso kunye nokungabikho kokuguquguquka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abafundi bongeze kumava abo okusebenza ngokuqonda ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zinokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona ukuba zonakele.
"... sikwathanda ukuba nononophelo ngakumbi ngeepateni zeplastination (umthathi-nxaxheba we-PA2; iplastination, ingxoxo yeqela elijolise kulo)".
“…kwiisampuli zeplastination, kufana…nento ebigcinwe ixesha elide. Ukuba ndiyimoshile… Ndicinga ukuba siyazi ukuba ibukeka njengomonakalo omkhulu kuba inembali (umthathi-nxaxheba we-PA3; iplastination, ingxoxo yeqela eligxile kuyo).”
"Iimodeli eziprintiweyo ze-3D zinokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza nangokulula... zenza iimodeli ze-3D zifikeleleke kubantu abaninzi kwaye kube lula ukufunda ngaphandle kokwabelana ngeesampuli (umxhasi we-I38; 3DP, uphononongo lombhalo wasimahla)."
“…ngeemodeli ze-3D singadlala kancinci ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kakhulu ngokuzonakalisa, njengokonakalisa iisampulu… (umthathi-nxaxheba we-PA2; i-3DP, ingxoxo yeqela elijolise kulo).”
Ngokutsho kwabafundi, inani leesampuli ezifakwe iplastikhi lilinganiselwe, kwaye ukufikelela kwizakhiwo ezinzulu kunzima ngenxa yokuqina kwazo. Kwimodeli ye-3DP, banethemba lokuyicoca ngakumbi iinkcukacha ze-anatomical ngokulungelelanisa imodeli kwiindawo ezinomdla zokufunda ezenzelwe wena. Abafundi bavumile ukuba zombini iimodeli ezenziwe ngeplastiki kunye ne-3DP zingasetyenziswa kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo zokufundisa ezifana netafile ye-Anatomage ukuphucula ukufunda.
"Ezinye izakhiwo zangaphakathi ezinzulu azibonakali kakuhle (umthathi-nxaxheba C14; iplastination, izimvo ezizimeleyo)."
"Mhlawumbi iitafile zovavanyo lwesidumbu kunye nezinye iindlela zingaba luncedo kakhulu (ilungu C14; iplastination, uphononongo lwasimahla lombhalo)."
"Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iimodeli ze-3D zineenkcukacha ezifanelekileyo, ungaba neemodeli ezahlukeneyo ezigxile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiba eyahlukeneyo, njengemithambo-luvo kunye nemithambo yegazi (umthathi-nxaxheba I26; 3DP, uphononongo lombhalo wasimahla)."
Abafundi bakwacebise ukuba kufakwe umboniso ukuze utitshala achaze indlela yokusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo le modeli, okanye isikhokelo esongezelelweyo kwimifanekiso yesampulu eneenkcukacha ukuze kube lula ukufunda nokuqonda amanqaku esifundo, nangona bevuma ukuba olu phononongo lwenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuzifundela.
"...Ndiyayixabisa indlela yophando ezimeleyo... mhlawumbi isikhokelo esingakumbi singanikwa ngendlela yezilayidi eziprintiweyo okanye amanqaku athile... (umthathi-nxaxheba C02; izimvo zombhalo wasimahla ngokubanzi)."
"Iingcali zomxholo okanye ukuba nezixhobo ezongezelelweyo ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-animation okanye ividiyo kunokusinceda siqonde ngcono ulwakhiwo lweemodeli ze-3D (ilungu le-C38; uphononongo lwesicatshulwa sasimahla ngokubanzi)."
Abafundi bezonyango bonyaka wokuqala babuzwe ngamava abo okufunda kunye nomgangatho weesampuli eziprintiweyo ze-3D nezeplastiki. Njengoko bekulindelekile, abafundi bafumanise ukuba iisampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki ziyinyani kwaye zichanekile kunezo ziprintiweyo ze-3D. Ezi ziphumo ziqinisekiswa luphando lokuqala [7]. Ekubeni iirekhodi zenziwe ngezidumbu ezinikelweyo, ziyinyani. Nangona yayiyikopi ye-1:1 yesampuli eyenziwe ngeplastiki eneempawu ezifanayo zemo [8], imodeli eprintiweyo ye-3D esekelwe kwi-polymer ithathwa njengengayinyani kwaye ingekho yinyani, ingakumbi kubafundi apho iinkcukacha ezifana nemiphetho ye-oval fossa zazingabonakali kwimodeli ye-3DP yentliziyo xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli eyenziwe ngeplastiki. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yomgangatho womfanekiso we-CT, ongavumeli ukucaciswa ngokucacileyo kwemida. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukwahlulahlula izakhiwo ezinjalo kwisoftware yokwahlulahlula, echaphazela inkqubo yokuprinta ye-3D. Oku kunokuphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-3DP njengoko besoyika ukuba ulwazi olubalulekileyo luya kulahleka ukuba izixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezifana neesampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki azisetyenziswa. Abafundi abanomdla kuqeqesho lotyando banokufumanisa kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iimodeli ezisebenzayo [43]. Iziphumo zangoku zifana nezifundo zangaphambili ezifumanise ukuba iimodeli zeplastiki [44] kunye neesampuli ze-3DP azinazo izichaneko zeesampuli zokwenyani [45].
Ukuze kuphuculwe ukufikeleleka kwabafundi kwaye ngoko ke ulwaneliseko lwabafundi, iindleko kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe. Iziphumo zixhasa ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli ze-3DP ekufumaneni ulwazi lwe-anatomical ngenxa yokwenziwa kwazo okungabizi kakhulu [6, 21]. Oku kuhambelana nophando lwangaphambili olubonise ukusebenza okulinganayo kwemodeli ezenziwe ngeplastiki kunye neemodeli ze-3DP [21]. Abafundi babevakalelwa kukuba iimodeli ze-3DP ziluncedo ngakumbi ekufundeni iingcamango ezisisiseko ze-anatomical, amalungu, kunye neempawu, ngelixa iisampuli ezenziwe ngeplastini zazifanelekile ngakumbi ekufundeni i-anatomy eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukongeza, abafundi bakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli ze-3DP kunye neesampuli zesidumbu ezikhoyo kunye netekhnoloji yanamhlanje ukuphucula ukuqonda kwabafundi nge-anatomy. Iindlela ezininzi zokumela into efanayo, njengokumapha i-anatomy yentliziyo usebenzisa izidumbu, ukuprinta kwe-3D, ukuskena kwesigulane, kunye neemodeli ze-3D ezibonakalayo. Le ndlela ye-multi-modal ivumela abafundi ukuba babonise i-anatomy ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, bathethe oko bakufundileyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye babandakanye abafundi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo [44]. Uphando lubonise ukuba izixhobo zokufunda zokwenyani ezifana nezixhobo zesidumbu zinokuba nzima kwabanye abafundi ngokubhekiselele kumthwalo wokuqonda ohambelana ne-anatomy yokufunda [46]. Ukuqonda impembelelo yomthwalo wengqondo ekufundeni kwabafundi kunye nokusebenzisa iteknoloji ukunciphisa umthwalo wengqondo ukudala indawo yokufunda engcono kubalulekile [47, 48]. Ngaphambi kokuba abafundi bazise izinto ezifileyo, iimodeli ze-3DP zinokuba yindlela eluncedo yokubonisa iinkalo ezisisiseko nezibalulekileyo ze-anatomy ukuze kuncitshiswe umthwalo wengqondo kwaye kuphuculwe ukufunda. Ukongeza, abafundi banokuthatha iimodeli ze-3DP baye nazo ekhaya ukuze zihlolwe kunye neencwadi zezifundo kunye nezixhobo zokufundisa kwaye bandise uphononongo lwe-anatomy ngaphaya kwelebhu [45]. Nangona kunjalo, umkhuba wokususa izinto ze-3DP awukaqaliswa kwiziko lombhali.
Kolu phononongo, iisampulu zeplastini zazihlonitshwa kakhulu kuneekopi ze-3DP. Esi sigqibo sihambelana nophando lwangaphambili olubonisa ukuba iisampulu zesidumbu "njengesigulana sokuqala" zifuna intlonipho novelwano, ngelixa iimodeli zokwenziwa zingavumi [49]. Izicubu zomntu ezifakwe iplastini zisondelelene kwaye ziyinyani. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zesidumbu kuvumela abafundi ukuba baphuhlise iingcamango zobuntu kunye nokuziphatha [50]. Ukongeza, indlela abafundi ababona ngayo iipatheni zeplastini inokuchaphazeleka lulwazi lwabo olukhulayo ngeenkqubo zokunikela ngesidumbu kunye/okanye inkqubo yeplastini. Iplastini zizidumbu ezinikelwayo ezilinganisa uvelwano, ukunconywa kunye nombulelo abafundi abawuvayo ngabanikeli babo [10, 51]. Ezi mpawu zahlula abahlengikazi abanobuchule bobuntu kwaye, ukuba ziyakhuliswa, zinokubanceda baqhubele phambili ngobuchwephesha ngokuxabisa novelwano nezigulana [25, 37]. Oku kufana nabafundisi abathuleyo abasebenzisa ukuqhaqha abantu okumanzi [37,52,53]. Ekubeni iisampulu zeplastini zanikelwa kwizidumbu, zazijongwa njengabafundisi abathuleyo ngabafundi, nto leyo eyafumana intlonipho kwesi sixhobo sitsha sokufundisa. Nangona besazi ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zenziwe ngoomatshini, basakonwabela ukuzisebenzisa. Iqela ngalinye liziva likhathalelwe kwaye imodeli iphathwa ngononophelo ukuze igcinwe isidima sayo. Abafundi basenokuba sele besazi ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zenziwe ngedatha yesigulana ngeenjongo zemfundo. Kwiziko lombhali, ngaphambi kokuba abafundi baqale isifundo esisesikweni se-anatomy, kunikwa ikhosi yokuqala ye-anatomy ngembali ye-anatomy, emva koko abafundi bafunga. Injongo ephambili yesifungo kukufaka kubafundi ukuqonda ixabiso lobuntu, intlonipho yezixhobo ze-anatomy, kunye nobungcali. Ukudibanisa izixhobo ze-anatomy kunye nokuzinikela kunokunceda ukufaka imvakalelo yokukhathalela, intlonipho, kwaye mhlawumbi ukukhumbuza abafundi ngemithwalo yabo yexesha elizayo kwizigulana [54].
Ngokuphathelele uphuculo lwexesha elizayo kwizixhobo zokufunda, abafundi abavela kumaqela e-plastination kunye ne-3DP bafake uloyiko lokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo ekuthatheni kwabo inxaxheba nasekufundeni. Nangona kunjalo, iinkxalabo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo seesampuli ezifakwe iipleyiti zagxininiswa ngexesha leengxoxo zamaqela agxile kuwo. Olu qwalaselo luqinisekiswa zizifundo zangaphambili kwiisampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki [9, 10]. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ingakumbi iimodeli zentamo, kuyimfuneko ukuphonononga izakhiwo ezinzulu nokuqonda ubudlelwane bendawo obunemilinganiselo emithathu. Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluchukumisekayo (oluchukumisayo) nolwazi olubonakalayo kunceda abafundi bakhe umfanekiso wengqondo oneenkcukacha ezingaphezulu nopheleleyo weendawo zomzimba ezinomlinganiselo wesithathu [55]. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngendlela echukumisekayo kunokunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda kwaye kukhokelele ekuqondeni ngcono nasekugcinweni kolwazi [55]. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ukongeza iimodeli ze-3DP ngeesampuli ezenziwe ngeplastiki kunokuphucula ukusebenzisana kwabafundi neesampuli ngaphandle kokoyika ukonakalisa izakhiwo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-21-2023