Ukuhlanjwa kwemveli yemveli kukwehla, ngelixa iimodeli ze-3D eziprintiweyo (3DP) zifumana ukuthandwa njengezinye ngeendlela zokufundisa zemvelo. Akucacanga ukuba yintoni amandla kunye nobuthathaka kwezi zixhobo zintsha kwaye zinokubachaphazela njani amava okufunda abafundi kunye nendlela yokufunda abafundi njengembeko, ukhathalelo, novelwano.
Ngokukhawuleza emva kophando olunomnqamlezo onqabileyo, kwabelwayo abafundi abangama-96. Uyilo lwe-Pragmatic lwalusetyenziselwa ukuphonononga amava okufunda usebenzisa i-anatomil ipript kunye ne-3D yeemodeli zentliziyo (inqanaba loku-1, iNqanaba 1, N = 33). Uhlalutyo lwe-I-Insuricity lwenziwa ngokusekwe kuphononongo lwe-278 lokujonga i-278 (ubuthathaka, iindawo zokuphucula) kunye ne-procripripripript yezamaya ekugxilwe kuzo (N = 8) malunga nezixhobo zokufunda zisebenzisa ezi zixhobo.
Imixholo emine ichongiwe: Inyaniso ebonakalayo, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nobunzima, isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha nokukhathalela, ubunkokeli, kunye nobunkokeli.
Ngokubanzi, abafundi bavakalelwa kukuba iisampuli zeplate zazinzulu kwaye ke ngoko ziziva zihlonitshwa kwaye zikhathalelwe kwiimodeli ze-3DP, eza kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye zilunge ngakumbi kwi-anatomy yesiseko yokufunda.
I-autopsy yomntu ibiyindlela yokufundisa esemgangathweni esetyenziswa kwimfundo yezonyango ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-17 [1, 2]. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokufikelela ngaphakathi, iindleko eziphezulu zolondolozo lwe-Caanaver [3, 4], ukuncitshiswa kwe-anatomy yexesha [1, 5], kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji [3, 6], izifundo ze-Anatomy ezifundiswayo kusetyenziswa i-Deation Direction . Oku kuvula amathuba amatsha okuphanda ngeendlela ezintsha zokufundisa kunye nezixhobo, ezinjengeemodeli zomntu zeplanga kunye ne-3D eprintiweyo (3DP) (6,7].
Isixhobo ngasinye sezi sityhakala kwaye sinexabiso. I-upamen yeplate yomile, engenakuthelekiswa nanto, eyinyani kwaye ayiyingozi [9,11,11], ibenza balungele ukufunda nokuqonda kwe-anatomy. Nangona kunjalo, zikwangqongqo kwaye zincinci eziguquguqukayo [10, 12], ngoko ke zicinga ukuba zinzima kakhulu ukuba zixhamle kwaye zifikelele kwimibutho enzulu [9]. Ngokweendleko, iisampulu zeplastiki zihlala zibiza kakhulu ukuthenga kwaye zilondoloze kunemodeli ye-3DP [6,7]. Kwelinye icala, iimodeli ze-3DP zivumela imibala eyahlukileyo [7, 13] kunye nemibala [6, 14] kwaye inokwabelwa iinxalenye ezithile, nto leyo enceda abafundi ukuba baqonde ngakumbi, nangona oku kubonakala ngathi kufanelekile kuneplanithi iisampulu.
Inani lezifundo zihlolisise iziphumo zokufunda / ukusebenza kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo ze-anatomicals ezifana nesampunzi yeplastiki, i-2D Inc. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zahlukile kuxhomekeka ekukhetheni izixhobo zoqeqesho ezisetyenziselwa ulawulo kunye namaqela okungenelela, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ye-AAATATAL [14, 22]. Umzekelo, xa isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kunye nokuhlambela okumanzi [11, 15] kunye neetafile ze-autopsy [20], abafundi baxela ukoneliseka okuphezulu kunye nesimo sengqondo sesampulu. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kweepatheni zeplatetion kubonisa isiphumo esifanelekileyo solwazi olululo lwabafundi [23, 24].
Iimodeli ze-3DP zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukongeza iindlela zokufundisa zesiko [14,17,2]. I-Loke et al. . Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba iqela le-3DP lalwaneliseko lokufunda, ngakumbi ukuqonda kwe-tetrat's tetrac, kunye nokukwazi ukulawula izigulana (ngokwakho Ukufundisisa i-anatomy yomthi wevascular kunye ne-anatomy yekhandlela kusetyenziswa iimodeli ze-3DP kubonelela ngolwaneliseko olufanayo lokufunda njengemifanekiso ye-2d [16, 17]. Ezi zifundo zibonakalise ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP ziphezulu kakhulu ukuya kwi-2d imizekeliso ngokwemigaqo yokufunda kwabafundi ekufundeni kwaoko kwanelisekile. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zithelekisa ngokukodwa iimodeli ze-3DP ezininzi ezineesampulu zeplastiki zilinganiselwe. Mogali et al. .
Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka okungakumbi ubungqina bokuqonda okunzulu kwezinto ezifundwayo zabafundi zixhomekeke ekukhetheni izixhobo ze-anatomical kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye namalungu [14, 22]. Ixabiso le-ladnikazi liyinto enomdla enokuba nefuthe kule nto. Oku kubhekisele kwimbeko, ukhathalelo, uvelwano nemfesane kulindelwe kubafundi abangabagqirha [25, 26]. Ixabiso lobuntu lezomntu lifunwe kwii-autopsies, njengoko abafundi bafundiswa ukuba banovelwano kunye nokukhathalela izidumbu ze-27, 28]. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunqabile ukulinganiswa ngeplastiki kunye nezixhobo ze-3DP. Ngokungafaniyo nemibuzo evaliweyo ye-Elivert evaliweyo, iindlela zokuqokelelwa kwenqanaba lokuqokelelwa kweengxoxo ezifana neengxoxo zeqela ekugxilwe kuzo kunye nemibuzo evulekileyo yokunika ulwazi malunga nefuthe lezixhobo zokufunda kumava okufunda.
Ke olu phando lujolise ekuphenduleni ukuba abafundi babona njani ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa benikwa izixhobo (iplate) ngokuchaseneyo nemifanekiso ye-3D ye-3D yokufunda i-anatomy?
Ukuphendula le mibuzo ingasentla, abafundi banethuba lokufumana, ukuqokelela kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi lwe-Aatomical ngokusebenzisana kunye nokusebenzisana. Le nto inesivumelwano esihle kunye nethiyori ye-Concartarcast, ngokutsho kwabo abantu okanye amaqela ezentlalo eyile kwaye babelane ngolwazi lwabo [29]. Unxibelelwano olunjalo (umzekelo, phakathi koontanga, phakathi kwabafundi nootitshala) bachaphazela ukoneliseka [30, 31]. Kwangelo xesha, amava okufunda kwabafundi kuya kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezinje ngokwenza lula ukufunda ngokulula, iindlela zokufundisa, iindlela zokufundisa, kunye nesifundo sekhosi [32]. Emva koko, ezi mpawu zinokuphembelela ukufunda abafundi kunye nokulawula izihloko zomdla kubo [33, 34]. Oku kunokuhambelana nembono ye-theongoting epistemology, apho isivuno sokuqala okanye ukuqulunqwa kwamava obuqu, ubukrelekrele, kunye neenkolelo zinokumisela ikhondo elilandelayo [35]. Indlela ye-POGGISMATIC icwangciswe ngononophelo ukuze ichonge izihloko ezinzima kunye nokulandelelana kwazo ngodliwanondlebe kunye nophando, kulandelwa luhlalutyo lwe-36].
Iisampulu zecaadaver zihlala zithathelwa ingqalelo abacebisi buthule, njengoko zibonwa njengezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokungenelela kwesayensi kunye noluntu, intlonelo kunye nombulelo zivela kubafundi [37, 38]. Izifundo zangaphambili zixele amanqaku afanayo okanye aphezulu e-caanaver / iqela leplate kunye neqela le-4, 39], kodwa lalingacaca ukuba abafundi babelana ngamava okufunda, phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Ukufumana uphando olongezelelekileyo, olu phando lusebenzisa umgaqo-siseko we-PRAGMATMISSm [36] Ukujonga amava okufunda kunye neempawu ze-3DP ze-3DP (umbala kunye nokuthengiswa) kwaye uthelekise iisampulu zeplate ngokusekwe kwingxelo yomfundi.
Iimbono zomfundi zinokuba nefuthe kwizigqibo zootitshala malunga nokukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ze-anatomy esekwe kwinto kwaye ayisebenzi ekufundiseni i-anatomy ye-anatomy. Olu lwazi lunakho ukunceda ootitshala ukuba bachonge ukhetho lomfundi kwaye basebenzise izixhobo zohlalutyo ezifanelekileyo ukuphucula amava abo okufunda.
Olu phononongo lwemgangathweni lujolise ekuphoseni le nto abafundi abaqwalaselwayo ukuba ngamava okufunda abalulekileyo asebenzisa iintliziyo eziphathekayo zentliziyo kunye neesampulu zentamo ezithelekiswa neemodeli ze-3DP. Ngokutsho kwesifundo sokuqala nguMogali et al. Ngo-2018, abafundi baqwalasele iimodeli zeplanga ukuba zibaluleke ngakumbi kune-3DP yeemodeli [7]. Ke masicinge:
Ngenxa yokuba iiPlaintition zenziwa ezivela kwi-cadavers yokwenene, abafundi bekulindeleke ukuba bajonga iiplatetions ezintle ngakumbi kune-3DP ngokwenyani kunye nexabiso lobuntu.
Olu phononongo lwemo mgangathweni luhambelana nezifundo ezimbini zangaphambili [21, 40] kuba idatha ebonisiweyo kuzo zontathu iqokelelwa ngaxeshanye ukusuka kwisahluko esifanayo sabafundi. Inqaku lokuqala libonisa amanyathelo afanayo eenjongo (amanqaku ovavanyo) phakathi kweplate yokwahlula-hlulwa kunye nenqaku lesibini lasebenzisa uhlalutyo oluqinisekisiweyo lokuphucula izixhobo zokwenza oko kwaneliseka ngokufunda, Ukusebenza ngokwakho, imilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nokusikeka kwemida yemithombo yeendaba [40]. Olu phononongo luvavanye iingxoxo ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni kunye nokugxila kwiqela lokufumanisa ukuba abafundi bacinga ntoni xa ukufunda i-anatomy usebenzisa iimodeli zeplate kunye ne-3D eprintiweyo. Ke, olu phononongo lwahlukileyo kumanqaku amabini adlulileyo ngokweenjongo zophando / imibuzo, kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya zokufumana ingxoxo yomfundi (izimvo zesicatshulwa zasimahla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-3DP xa kuthelekiswa neesampulu zeplastiki. Oku kuthetha ukuba isifundo sangoku sisombulula kakhulu umbuzo ohlukileyo wophando kunamanqaku amabini angaphambili [ama-21, 40].
Kwiziko lombhali, i-anatomy idityaniswe kwizifundo zenkqubo efana ne-Cardiopulmonary, e-Endocrinogy, kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala ye-bachelor yeminyaka emihlanu kunye ne-bachelor yoqhaqho (i-MBBs). Iimodeli zePlaysiments, iimodeli zeplastiki, imifanekiso yonyango, kunye neemodeli ze-3D ezibonakalayo zihlala zisetyenziswa endaweni yokungaqwalaseli okanye imilinganiselo yokuhlambela ye-ot yokuhlawula inkxaso yokuxhasa ukuziqhelanisa ne-anatomy jikelele. Iiseshoni zokufunda zeqela zithathe indawo yokufunda ngokwesiko efundiswe ngogxile ekusetyenzisweni kolwazi olufunyenweyo. Ekupheleni kwemodyuli nganye yenkqubo, thatha uvavanyo lwe-anatomy online lokuziqhelanisa okuquka iimpendulo ezi-20 ezilungileyo (SBAs) ezigubungela i-anatomy jikelele, icinga, kunye ne-jekogy. Iyonke, iimvavanyo ezintlanu zokwakha zenziwa ngexesha lovavanyo (ezintathu kunyaka wokuqala kwaye zimbini ngonyaka wesibini). Uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo oludibeneyo lweminyaka yoku-1 kunye no-2 lubandakanya amaphepha amabini, nganye iqulathe i-120 sbas. I-Anatomy iba yinxalenye yezi mvavanyo kwaye isicwangciso sovavanyo sibonisa inani lemibuzo ye-anatomical ukuba ibandakanywe.
Ukwenzela ukuphucula umlinganiso wesampulu yabafundi, iimodeli ze-3DP zangaphakathi ezisekwe kwiimodeli zeplate zifundwayo zafundwayo zokufundisa nokufunda i-anatomy. Oku kubonelela ngamathuba okuseka ixabiso lemfundo lweemodeli ze-3DP ezintsha xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli zeplanga ngaphambi kokuba zibandakanywe kwikharityhulamu ye-Anatomy.
Kolu phando, i-commadfography (CT) (i-CT) (i-64-i-slice ye-slice ichaza iskena, i-Irlangen yezempilo, i-Erlangen ye-Ermmen) yenziwa kwiimodeli zentliziyo (i-Erlangen) yenziwa kwicandelo le-Cross) kunye neNtloko ( Inye i-Midsittal iNtloko yeNdlela eManyeneyo) (Fig. 1). Imifanekiso yedijithali kunye nonxibelelwano kwi-Medic (i-DICOM) yafunyanwa kwaye ilayishwe kwisikolo se-3D. . Iifayile ze-Superud zilayishwe kwiMagics yenyama (Inguqulelo 22, eyenyama ye-NV, i-Leuven, iBelgium) ukususa ifomathi yengxolo, kwaye iimodeli zokuprinta zagcinwa kwi-Oblx Ripter Printa (i-strassis, i-Eden Prairie, mn) ukwenza iimodeli ze-3D ze-anatomical. I-Photopolymerins Redins kunye ne-Elastomers ebonakalayo (iVeroyore, Veroagenta kunye ne-Tangoplus) ye-rogs ye-gorden of yomaleko phantsi kwento ye-UV, inika isakhiwo ngasinye se-Aatomical sana sobumbano sayo kunye nombala.
Izixhobo zokufunda ze-Anatomy ezisetyenziswa kolu phando. Ngasekhohlo, intamo; Inene: I-DEATED kunye ne-3D Intliziyo eprintiweyo.
In addition, the ascending aorta and coronary system were selected from the whole heart model, and base scaffolds were constructed to attach to the model (version 22, Materialize NV, Leuven, Belgium). Imodeli yaprintwa kwiPrinta yeProjekthi ye-INVUMP3D (i-Auve3D, i-Irvine, ca) isebenzisa i-felmoplastic polymorethane (i-TPU) ye-felmorethane (i-TPU). Ukubonisa imithambo yemodeli, izinto zenkxaso ye-TPU eziprintiweyo ziye zasuswa kunye nemithambo yegazi epeyintiweyo nge-acrylic ebomvu.
I-bachelor yonyaka wokuqala wabafundi amayeza kwi-Lee Kong Chiang Fiang factalty ye-2020-2021 i-142, i-N = 163, amabhinqa angama-93, engama-94) afumene isimemo se-imeyile ukuba sithathe inxaxheba kolu phando njengomsebenzi wokuzithandela. Uvavanyo olungenamnqamlezo olungaphezulu lwenziwa ngokwamanqanaba amabini, okokuqala ngentliziyo kunye nemeko yentamo. Kukho ixesha leveki ezintandathu phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini ukunciphisa iziphumo zentsalela. Kuwo omabini amanqanaba, abafundi babemfama ukuba bafunde izihloko kunye nezabelo zeqela. Akukho ngaphezulu kwabantu abathandathu kwiqela. Abafundi abafumene iisampulu zeplate kwinyathelo lokuqala elifumene iimodeli ze-3DP kwinyathelo lesibini. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, omabini la maqela afumana intetho yentshayelelo (imizuzu engama-30) evela kwi-overtional orgadi (utitshala ophelileyo) elandelwa kukuzifundela (imizuzu engama-50) esebenzisa izixhobo zokuzifundela kunye ne-hangouts.
I-Coreq (iikhrayitheriya ezibanzi zenzala yengxelo) yokunika ingxelo isetyenziselwa ukukhokela uphando olufanelekileyo.
Abafundi banike ingxelo kwizinto zokufunda zophando ngophando olubandakanya imibuzo emithathu evulekileyo malunga namandla abo, ubuthathaka, kunye namathuba ophuhliso. Bonke abaphenduli abangama-96 baphendula iimpendulo zasimahla. Ke amavolontiya asibhozo abafundi (n = 8) bathathe inxaxheba kwiqela ekugxilwe kuzo. Udliwanondlebe lwenziwe kwiZiko loQeqesho lwe-Anatomy (apho kwenziwa khona iimvavanyo) kwaye zenziwa ngumphandi 4 (PH.D.), umhlohli ongenguye onesifo se-Anatomd onenxaxheba kwiqela le-TBL, kodwa akabandakanyeki kwiqela lokufunda uqeqesho. Abafundi abazi ukuba iimpawu zabaphandi (okanye iqela lophando) ngaphambi kokuqala kwesifundo, kodwa ifom yemvume yazisa ngenjongo yesifundo. Kuphela ngabaphandi abangama-4 kunye nabafundi abathathe inxaxheba kwiqela ekugxilwe kuzo. Umphandi wachaza iqela ekugxilwe kuzo kubafundi kwaye wababuza ukuba bangathanda ukuthatha inxaxheba. Babelana ngamava abo okufunda 3D kunye neplastiki kwaye babenomdla omkhulu. Umququzeleli ubuze imibuzo emithandathu ekhokelayo ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenze (izinto zokuncedisa 1). Imizekelo ibandakanya ingxoxo yemiba yezixhobo ze-anatomical Izixhobo ezikhuthaza ukufunda nokufunda, kunye nendima yovelwano ekusebenzeni nezimo ezinjalo. "Ungawachaza njani amava akho okufunda i-anatomy usebenzisa iisampulu zeplate kunye neekopi ze-3D?" yayingumbuzo wokuqala wodliwanondlebe. Yonke imibuzo ivuliwe, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baphendule imibuzo ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kwendawo ekuhlakulelwa, ukuvumela idatha entsha ukuba ifumaneke kwaye imiceli mngeni eyoyiswa kunye nezixhobo zokufunda. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumani rekhodi yeZimvo okanye uhlalutyo lweziphumo. Uhlobo lokuzithandela lwesifundo lokuphononongwa kwedatha. Incoko yonke yayikhutshelwe uhlalutyo.
Ukurekhodwa kweQela ekugxilwe kuzo (imizuzu engama-35) yayiyi-proatatim edlulisiweyo kwaye isetyenzisiwe (iPseundenyms). Ukongeza, imibuzo yemibuzo evulekileyo ye-phayine yaqokelelwa. Imibuzo ebhaliweyo yeQela kunye neMibuzo yoVavanyo yathunyelwa kwi-Microsoft Ispredisheet (Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, iRedmond, i-Readmond, i-Actmond, i-Aggreration yokutshekisha iziphumo ezinokuthelekiswa okanye zitshintshiwe okanye iziphumo ezintsha [41]. Oku kwenziwa ngohlalutyo lwe-theoretic Iimpendulo zombhalo ngamnye zongezwa kwinani lilonke leempendulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amagqabantshintshi aqulathe izivakalisi ezininzi aza kuphathwa njengenye. Phendula nge-NIL, ayikho okanye akukho zigquthi ziya kutyeshelwa. Abaphandi abathathu (umphandi wabasetyhini ophethe i-ph.D. Iiprogram ezintathu zisebenzisa iipads zokwenyani zokuzoba ukuhlelwa emva-kwegama elifanayo kunye nolwahluko. Iiseshoni ezininzi zenziwa uku-odola kunye neekhowudi zeqela ngokulandelelana kunye nepateni yendlela yokwamkelwa, iikhowudi zihleliwe ukuze zichonge iimpawu ze-41 Ukufikelela kwimvumelwano, umphandi oyindoda eyi-6 (Ph.D.) eneminyaka eli-15 yamava okufundisa e-Anatomy evuma izifundo zokugqibela.
Ngokungqinelana nesibhengezo seHelsinki, iBhodi yokuHlaziya kweZiko le-Nyangang Tend Iyunivesithi yeTekhnoloji (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (i-IRB) (2019-024) iphonononge uMgaqo-nkqubo ofunekayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba banika imvume enolwazi kwaye baxelelwa ngelungelo labo lokurhoxisa ekuthatheni inxaxheba nangaliphi na ixesha.
Amashumi asithoba anesithandathu ogqirha wezonyango anika imvume yezonyango enike imvume eqinisekisiweyo epheleleyo, i-demographics ye-demographics efana nesini kunye nobudala, kwaye abhengezwe ukuba akukho uqeqesho olusesikweni olusesikweni kwi-anatomy. Inqanaba I (Intliziyo) kunye nesiGaba II (Ukungahambelani kwentamo) kubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-63 (abangama-33 amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abangama-30) kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-33 (ngokwahlukeneyo abayi-15), ngokwahlukeneyo abangama-15. Ubudala babo baqala ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-18 ukuya kweli-21 (kuthetha ± Ukuphambuka komgangatho: 19.3 ± 0.9) iminyaka. Bonke abafundi abangama-96 baphendula ikhweshine (ngaphandle kwe-campouts), kwaye abafundi abayi-8 bathatha inxaxheba kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo. Kwakukho amagqabantshintshi angama-278 avulekileyo malunga ne-Pros, Cars, kunye neeMfundo kunye neeMfundo. Kwakungekho ukungangqinelani phakathi kwedatha ehlaziyiweyo kunye nengxelo yeziphumo.
Kuzo zonke iingxoxo zeqela ekugxilwe kuzo kunye neempendulo zophando, iingxelo ezine ezivelisiweyo: Iqondakale inyani, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nokuntsonkotha, izimo zentlonipho kunye nobunkokeli (umzobo 2). Isihloko ngasinye sichazwa ngokweenkcukacha ezingezantsi.
Imixholo emine ye-memes, ukuqonda okusisiseko kunye nobunzima, imbeko kunye nokukhathalela, kwaye ukuthanda imithombo yeendaba zemfundo-kusekwe kuhlalutyo lwe-ITer-GEPE. Izinto ezikwiibhokisi eziblowu kunye netyheli zibonisa iipropathi zesampulu yeplate kunye nemodeli ye-3DP, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-3DP = 3D yokuprinta
Abafundi bavakalelwa kukuba iisampuli zeplate zisengqiqweni, zazinemibala yendalo yabameli ngakumbi, kwaye zazineenkcukacha ze-anatomical ze-anatomical kunemodeli ye-3DP. Umzekelo, i-fiber fiber fiber ivele ivele ngakumbi kwiisampulu zeplastiki xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli ze-3DP. Lo mahluko uboniswe kule ngxelo ingezantsi.
"... Icacile kakhulu kwaye ichanekile, injengomntu wokwenyani (C17 umthathi-nxaxheba; uphononongo lweplastiki)."
Abafundi baphawula ukuba izixhobo ze-3DP zaziluncedo ekufundeni iimpawu ezisisiseko ze-sucroscopic kwaye zivavanya izinto ezinkulu ze-macroscopic, ngelixa iisampulu zeplastiki zazilungele ukwandisa ngakumbi ulwazi lwabo kunye nemimandla enzima ye-anatomical. Abafundi bavakalelwa kukuba nangona zombini izixhobo beziziqengqeleka, zazilahlekile ulwazi oluxabisekileyo xa usebenza neemodeli ze-3DP xa kuthelekiswa neesampulu zeplate. Oku kuchazwa kwingxelo engezantsi.
"... Kwakukho ubunzima obufana ... Iinkcukacha ezincinci ezifana ne-fossa ovale ... Ngokubanzi imodeli ye-3D yentliziyo inokusetyenziswa ... yentamo, mhlawumbi ndiza kufunda ngengxoxo yeqela. .
"... Iinguqu ezipheleleyo zinokubonwa ... ngokweenkcukacha, iisampuli ze-3DP ziluncedo ekufundeni, umzekelo, izinto ezikhoyo (kwaye) zizinto ezinkulu, ezichazayo ezifana ne-miscles kunye (ze) abantu abanokuthi bangafikeleli kwiinkampu zeplanga ( I-PA3 Tature; I-3DP, ingxoxo yeqela egxile) ".
Abafundi bavakalise intlonipho engakumbi kunye nenkxalabo malunga neesampulu zeplate, kodwa bakhathazekile ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwayo nokungaguquguquki. Ngokuchasene noko, abafundi bongeze kumava abo asebenzayo ngokufezekisa ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zinokuphinda ziveliswe kwakhona ukuba wonakalisiwe.
"... Sihlala sikulungele ngakumbi iipatheni zeplate (PA2 thatha inxaxheba; iplate, ingxoxo yeqela egxile)".
"... Kuqubethe iisampuli zeplate, kufana ... into egcinwe ixesha elide. Ukuba ndiyayonakalisa ... Ndicinga ukuba siyazi ukuba ijongeka ngathi yimonakalo enzulu kuba inembali (i-PA3 yabathathi-nxaxheba; iplate, ingxoxo yeqela. "
"Iimodeli ze-3D eziprintiweyo zinokuveliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zilula ... ukwenza iimodeli ze-3D zifikeleleke kubantu abaninzi kwaye ziqhubekise iisampulu ngaphandle kokwabelana ngeesampulu ngaphandle kokufumana iisampulu ngaphandle kokufumana igalelo."
"... ngeemodeli ze-3D sinokudlala ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kakhulu malunga nokwenzakalisa, njengamasampulu onakalisayo ... (i-3DP, ingxoxo yeqela)."
Ngokutsho kwabafundi, inani leesampulu zeplate linqongophele, kwaye ukufikelela kwizakhiwo ezinzulu kunzima ngenxa yobungqola babo. Kwimodeli ye-3DP, banethemba lokuphucula iinkcukacha ze-Aatomical ngokulungelelanisa imodeli kwimimandla enomdla yokufunda ngokwakho. Abafundi bavumile ukuba zombini iimodeli zeplastiki kunye ne-3DP zinokusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo zokufundisa ezifana netafile ye-anatomiage ukuphucula ukufunda.
"Ezinye izinto ezingaphakathi zangaphakathi azibonakali gwenxa (i-CATATEAT); IPlastit, iNgxelo yeFomu yasimahla)."
"Mhlawumbi iitafile ze-autopsy kunye nezinye iindlela ziya kuba yinto ebonakalayo kakhulu (ilungu le-C14; iplate, uphononongo lwesicatshulwa simahla)."
"Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iimodeli ze-3D zineenkcukacha ezichaziweyo, unokufumana iimodeli ezahlukeneyo ezigxile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiba eyahlukeneyo, njengemithambo kunye nemithambo yegazi (i-I26;
Kwakhona abafundi bakwaquka ukubandakanya umboniso wokuba utitshala achaze indlela yokusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo imodeli, okanye isikhokelo esongezelelweyo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ukuze sikwazi ukufundisisa amanqaku, nangona sivumile ukuba isifundo senzelwe ukuzifundela.
"... Ndiyayibulela indlela abazimeleyo yophando ... mhlawumbi isikhokelo esingakumbi sinokubonelelwa ngohlobo lwezilayidi eziprintiweyo okanye amanqaku ...
"Iingcali zomxholo okanye izixhobo ezongezelelweyo ezibonakalayo ezifana nopopayi okanye ividiyo inokusinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono ubume beemodeli ze-3D (ilungu le-C38;"
Abafundi bezonyango lokuqala babuzwa malunga namava abo okufunda kunye nomgangatho weesampulu ze-3D eziprintwe kunye neplastiki. Njengoko bekulindelwe, abafundi bafumana iisampulu zeplastiki zokuba zenzeke kwaye zichanekile kune-3D eprintwe. Ezi ziphumo ziqinisekiswa sisifundo sokuqala [7]. Kuba iirekhodi zenziwe ukuba zivela kwizidumbu ezinikelweyo, ziyinyani. Nangona yayiyi-1: 1 iphindaphindwe kancinane i-Prophological Prophological (8], imodeli yePolymer esekwe kwi-Polymer yayithathwa njengezinokwenzeka kwaye ingenakuqonda, ngakumbi kubafundi abaneenkcukacha ze-oval fossa ayibonakali kwimodeli ye-3DP yentliziyo ethelekiswa nemodeli yeplate. Oku kunokuba kungenxa yomgangatho womfanekiso we-CT, ongavumeli ukuqumba okucacileyo kwemida. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukuya kwicandelo lezakhiwo ezinjalo kwisoftware yecandelo, echaphazela inkqubo ye-3D. Oku kunokuphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-3DP njengoko boyika ukuba ulwazi olubalulekileyo luya kulahleka ukuba izixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezifana neesampulu zeplastiki azisetyenziswa. Abafundi abanomdla kuqeqesho lokuhlimela banokufumanisa kunyanzelekile ukuba basebenzise iimodeli ezisebenzayo [43]. Iziphumo ezikhoyo ziyafana kwizifundo zangaphambili ezifumanisa ukuba iimodeli zeplastiki [44] kunye neesampulu ze-35s azinakho ukuchaneka kweesampulu zokwenyani [45].
Ukwenzela ukuphucula ukufikeleleka kwabafundi kwaye ke ukoneliseka kwabafundi, iindleko kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Iziphumo ziyayixhasa ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli ze-3DP zokufumana ulwazi lwe-anatomical ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwabo ngexabiso [6, 21]. Oku kuyahambelana nophando lwangaphambili oluboniswe ngenjongo yokuthelekiswa nenjongo yemodeli yeplastiki kunye neemodeli ze-3. Abafundi baziva ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zaziluncedo ngokufunda iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko ze-anatomical, amalungu, kunye neempawu, ngelixa iisampulu zeplastiki zazilungele ukufunda i-atomy ye-fatomy enzima. Ukongeza, abafundi baxhasa ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli ze-3DP ngokudibeneyo neemodeli ezikhoyo zecaadever kunye netekhnoloji yale mihla ukuphucula ukuqonda kwabafundi kwe-anatomy. Iindlela ezininzi zokumela into efanayo, njengemephu ye-anatomy yentliziyo usebenzisa i-cadavers, i-3D iprinta, imodeli ye-3D ye-3D. Le ndlela yemodyuli yamaqela amaninzi ivumela abafundi ukuba babonakalise i-anatomy ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, banxibelelane nezinto abazifundi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye babandakanye abafundi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo [44]. Uphando lubonise ukuba izixhobo zokufunda eziqinisekileyo ezinje ngezixhobo ze-cadaver zinokuba ngumceli mngeni kwabanye abafundi ngokwemilinganiselo yokufunda ehambelana ne-Anatomy yokufunda [46]. Ukuqonda ifuthe lomthwalo wokuqonda kwimfundo yabafundi kunye nokufaka itekhnoloji yokunciphisa umthwalo wengqondo ukwenza imeko yokufunda engcono ibaluleke kakhulu [48]. Ngaphambi kokuba bangenise abafundi kwi-caanaveric suadavenic, iimodeli ze-3DP zinokuba yindlela eluncedo yokubonisa imiba esisiseko nebalulekileyo ye-anatomy ukwenzela ukunciphisa umthwalo wengqondo kunye nokuphucula ukufunda. Ukongeza, abafundi banokuthatha iimodeli ze-3DP ekhaya ukuze baphonononge ngokudibeneyo neencwadi zezifundo kunye nezinto zokufunda kwaye zandise ukufundwa kwe-anatomy ngaphaya kwelebhu [45]. Nangona kunjalo, umkhwa wokususa izinto ze-3DP awukaphunyezwe iziko lombhali.
Kolu phononongo, iisampulu zeplanga zazihlonitshwa kune-3DP yokuphinda-phinda. Esi sigqibo siyahambelana nophando olwenziwe olubonisa ukuba iisampuli ze-canaveric "" njengomyalelo "wokuqala" intlonipho kunye novelwano, ngelixa iimodeli zokufakelwa, ngelixa iimodeli zokufakelwa. Izicubu ezinokwenzeka zomntu zibaluleke kwaye ziyinyani. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cadavensic factoric ivumela abafundi ukuba bahlakulele iinjongo zobuntu nezokuziphatha. 50]. Ukongeza, iimbono zabafundi zeepatheni zeplatetion zinokuchaphazeleka kukwazi kwazo kweenkqubo zokunikezela nge-cadaver kunye / okanye inkqubo yePlatotional. Iplatetion inikelwe i-cadualds elinganisa uvelwano, ukuncoma kunye nombulelo kuba abafundi baziva bengabasebenzi [10, 51]. Ezi mpawu zahlula abongikazi boluntu kwaye, ukuba zikhuliswe, zinokubanceda baxhase ubuchule ngokuqonda kunye nokufumana uvelwano ngezigulana [25, 37]. Oku kuthelekiswa nabahlohli buthule besebenzisa ukuhlanjwa kwabantu okwethutyana [37,52,53]. Kuba imizekelo yePlanethi yanikezelwa kubakhenkethi, babejongwa njengabafundisi-ntsapho abathuleyo ngabafundi, ababeyihlonelela ngesi sixhobo sitsha sokufundisa. Nokuba bayazi ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zenziwa ngoomatshini, zisazonwabela ukuzisebenzisa. Iqela ngalinye liziva likhathalelwe kwaye imodeli iphathwa ngenkathalo yokugcina ingqibelelo. Abafundi banokuthi sele bazi ukuba iimodeli ze-3DP zenziwa kwidatha yesigulana ngeenjongo zemfundo. Kwiziko lombhali, ngaphambi kokuba abafundi baqale isifundo esisemthethweni se-anatomy, ikhosi ye-anatomy yesandisi kwimbali ye-anatomy inikiwe, emva koko abafundi bafunga. Eyona njongo iphambili yesifungo kukubethelela abafundi ukuba baqonde iinqobo zexabiso lobuntu, ukuhlonipha izixhobo ze-anatomical, kunye nobuchule. Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo ze-Anatomical kunye nokuzibophelela kunokunceda ukuthambisa imvakalelo yokukhathalela, imbeko, kwaye mhlawumbi ukhumbuze abafundi ngoxanduva lwabo lwexesha elizayo abaguli [54].
Ngokubhekisele kuphuculo lwexesha elizayo kwizixhobo zokufunda, abafundi abavela kuzo zombini iiplatetition kunye namaqela ama-3DP abafake uloyiko lwentshabalalo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo nokufunda kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, inkxalabo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sezinto eziphalazwayo zaqaqanjiswa ngexesha lengxoxo yeqela ekugxilwe kuzo. Olu phawu luqinisekisiwe kwizifundo zangaphambili kwiisampulu zeplastiki [9, 10]. Ulwakhiwo lwe-goripulations, ngakumbi iimodeli zentamo, ziyimfuneko ukuphonononga izakhiwo ezinzulu kwaye ziqonde ubudlelwane bomhlaba obufutshane. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Tactile (Tactile) kunye noLwazi lokuBonakalayo lunceda abafundi benza umfanekiso ocacileyo kwaye ugqibezele ingcinga yamalungu emilinganiselo emithathu ye-Aatomical. Izifundo zibonakalise ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwe-Tactile zezinto ezibonakalayo kungancitshiswa umthwalo wokuqonda kwaye kukhokelele ekuqondeni okungcono kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi [55]. Kucetyiswa ukuba ukongeza iimodeli ze-3DP nge-privesmentimens enokuphucula ukusebenzisana kwabafundi kunye neesampulu ngaphandle koloyiko lokonakalisa izakhiwo.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UJUL-21 ukuya kwi-2023