URui Diogo akasebenzi, akanasabelo, okanye akafumani mali kuyo nayiphi na inkampani okanye umbutho oza kuxhamla kweli nqaku, kwaye akukho nto anokuyityhila ngaphandle kwesikhundla sakhe semfundo. Ezinye imibutho efanelekileyo.
Ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nokucalucalula ngokwesini kuye kwangena kwimpucuko ukususela ekuqaleni kwezolimo, xa abantu baqala ukuhlala kwindawo enye ixesha elide. Izazinzulu zaseNtshona zakuqala, njengo-Aristotle kwiGrisi yamandulo, zafundiswa yi-ethnocentrism kunye nokucalula abafazi okwakungena kuluntu lwabo. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-2,000 emva komsebenzi ka-Aristotle, isazinzulu sendalo saseBritane uCharles Darwin naye wandisa iingcamango zokucalucalula ngokwesini kunye nokucalula ngokobuhlanga awayezivile waza wafunda ngazo ebutsheni bakhe kwihlabathi lendalo.
UDarwin waveza ucalucalulo lwakhe njengenyaniso yesayensi, umzekelo kwincwadi yakhe ka-1871 ethi The Descent of Man, apho wachaza khona inkolelo yakhe yokuba amadoda ayengaphezulu kwabasetyhini ngokwendalo, ukuba amaYurophu ayengaphezulu kwabengengabo amaYurophu, ukuba izikhundla, iimpucuko ezicwangcisiweyo zingcono kuneentlalo ezincinci ezilinganayo. Esafundiswa ezikolweni nakwiimyuziyam zembali yendalo namhlanje, waxoxa ngelithi "izinto zokuhombisa ezimbi kunye nomculo ombi ngokulinganayo onqulwa ziintlanga ezininzi" azizange ziguquke kakhulu njengezinye izilwanyana, njengeentaka, kwaye ngebezingaphuhli kakhulu njengezinye izilwanyana, njengeenkawu zeNew World Pithecia satanas.
Incwadi ethi The Descent of Man yapapashwa ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwentlalo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. EFransi, iParis Commune yabasebenzi yangena ezitalatweni ifuna utshintsho olukhulu kwezentlalo, kuquka nokubhukuqwa kolawulo lwentlalo. Ingxoxo kaDarwin yokuba ukukhotyokiswa kwamahlwempu, abangengabo abaseYurophu, kunye nabasetyhini yayiyimiphumo yendalo yenkqubela phambili yokuzivelela kwezinto ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyinto ethandwayo kwiindlebe zabantu abaphezulu kunye nabo basemagunyeni kwizangqa zesayensi. Isazi-mbali sesayensi uJanet Brown ubhala ukuba ukunyuka kukaDarwin okumangalisayo kuluntu lwaseVictoria kwakubangelwa kakhulu zizibhalo zakhe, kungekhona zizibhalo zakhe zobuhlanga nezesini.
Akuyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuba uDarwin angcwatywe ngurhulumente eWestminster Abbey, uphawu oluhlonitshwayo lwamandla aseBritane kwaye wabhiyozelwa esidlangalaleni njengophawu "lokuphumelela kweBritane ekuloyiseni indalo nempucuko kwihlabathi liphela ngexesha lolawulo olude lweVictoria."
Nangona kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwezentlalo kwiminyaka eli-150 eyadlulayo, intetho egxekayo neyobuhlanga isaqhubeka kwisayensi, kwezonyango nakwimfundo. Njengoprofesa kunye nomphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseHoward, ndinomdla wokudibanisa amacandelo am aphambili okufunda—ibhayoloji kunye ne-anthropology—ukuze ndixoxe ngemiba ebanzi yentlalo. Kwisifundo endisipapashe kutshanje kunye nogxa wam uFatima Jackson kunye nabafundi abathathu bezonyango baseHoward, sibonisa ukuba ulwimi olugxekayo nolobuhlanga aluyonto yexesha elidlulileyo: lusafumaneka kumanqaku ezenzululwazi, kwiincwadi zezifundo, kwiimyuziyam, nakwizixhobo zemfundo.
Umzekelo wocalucalulo olusekho kuluntu lwezenzululwazi lwanamhlanje kukuba iingxelo ezininzi zokuvela komntu zicinga ukuba ukuqhubela phambili ukusuka kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama, "abasaqalayo" ukuya kubantu abanesikhumba esikhanyayo, "abaphambili". Iimyuziyam zembali yendalo, iiwebhusayithi, kunye neendawo zelifa le-UNESCO zibonisa le ndlela.
Nangona ezi nkcazo zingahambelani neenyaniso zesayensi, oku akuzithinteli ukuba ziqhubeke zisasazeka. Namhlanje, malunga ne-11% yabemi "bamhlophe," oko kukuthi, baseYurophu. Imifanekiso ebonisa utshintsho oluthe tye kumbala wolusu ayibonisi ngokuchanekileyo imbali yokuvela komntu okanye imbonakalo ngokubanzi yabantu namhlanje. Ukongeza, akukho bungqina besayensi bokukhanya kancinci kancinci kolusu. Umbala wolusu okhanyayo waphuhliswa ikakhulu kumaqela ambalwa afudukela kwiindawo ezingaphandle kweAfrika, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo okanye ezisezantsi, ezifana noMntla Melika, iYurophu, neAsia.
Intetho yocalucalulo ngokwesini isagcwele kwiingcali zemfundo. Umzekelo, kwiphepha lika-2021 malunga nefosili yomntu edumileyo eyafunyanwa kwindawo yezinto zakudala kwiiNtaba zaseAtapuerca eSpain, abaphandi bahlola amazinyo amathambo amathambo baza bafumanisa ukuba eneneni ayengowomntwana oneminyaka eli-9 ukuya kweli-11 ubudala. Amazinyo entombazana. Le fosili yayikade icingelwa ukuba yeyenkwenkwe ngenxa yencwadi ethengiswa kakhulu ngo-2002 ebhalwe yingcali yezinto zakudala uJosé María Bermúdez de Castro, omnye wababhali beli phepha. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ababhali beli phephancwadi bavumile ukuba akukho siseko sesayensi sokuchonga le fosili njengendoda. Isigqibo "senziwe ngengozi," babhala.
Kodwa olu khetho alukho ngokwenene "olungaqhelekanga." Iingxelo zokuvela komntu zihlala zibonisa amadoda kuphela. Kwiimeko ezimbalwa apho abafazi baboniswa khona, badla ngokuboniswa njengoomama abangenzi nto kunokuba babe ngabaqambi abakhutheleyo, abaculi basemiqolombeni, okanye abaqokeleli bokutya, nangona ubungqina bezinto zakudala bokuba abafazi bamandulo babenjalo kanye.
Omnye umzekelo weengxelo ezichasene nesini kwisayensi yindlela abaphandi abaqhubeka bexoxa ngayo ngokuvela "okumangalisayo" kwe-orgasm yabasetyhini. UDarwin wakha ibali lendlela abafazi abaguqukela ngayo ekubeni "baneentloni" kwaye bangabi namdla kwisondo, nangona wavuma ukuba kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, abafazi bakhetha amaqabane abo ngenkuthalo. Njengomntu owayehlala eVictorian, wakufumanisa kunzima ukwamkela ukuba abafazi banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni amaqabane, ngoko ke wayekholelwa ukuba eli gama laligcinelwe abafazi kwasekuqaleni kwenguquko yabantu. Ngokutsho kukaDarwin, amadoda kamva aqala ukukhetha abafazi ngokwesondo.
Abantu abalandela ubulili bathi abafazi “baneentloni” kwaye “abanazo kangako isondo,” kuquka nengcamango yokuba i-orgasm yabasetyhini yimfihlakalo yokuzivelela kwezinto, iphikiswa bubungqina obuninzi. Umzekelo, abafazi bane-orgasm ezininzi rhoqo kunamadoda, kwaye i-orgasm yabo, ngokomyinge, iyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi, inzima ngakumbi, kwaye inamandla ngakumbi. Abafazi abaphucwanga iminqweno yesondo ngokwebhayoloji, kodwa iingcamango ezichasene nobulili ziyamkelwa njengenyaniso yesayensi.
Izixhobo zemfundo, kuquka iincwadi zezifundo kunye nee-atlases ze-anatomy ezisetyenziswa ngabafundi besayensi kunye nezonyango, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekeni kweengcamango eziqikelelweyo. Umzekelo, uhlelo luka-2017 lwe-Atlas of Human Anatomy kaNetter, olusetyenziswa rhoqo ngabafundi bezonyango kunye nezonyango, luquka imifanekiso ephantse ibe yi-180 yombala wolusu. Kula, uninzi lwazo yayingamadoda anesikhumba esikhanyayo, kwaye zimbini kuphela ezibonisa abantu abanesikhumba "esimnyama". Oku kuqhubela phambili ingcamango yokubonisa amadoda amhlophe njengeeprototypes ze-anatomy zeentlobo zabantu, ukungaphumeleli ukubonisa ulwahluko olupheleleyo lwe-anatomy yabantu.
Ababhali bezixhobo zemfundo zabantwana nabo bayaliphinda eli cala kwiincwadi zesayensi, iimyuziyam, kunye neencwadi zezifundo. Umzekelo, ikhava yencwadi enemibala ka-2016 ebizwa ngokuba yi-“The Evolution of Creatures” ibonisa ukuvela komntu ngendlela ethe tye: ukusuka kwizidalwa “zakudala” ezinesikhumba esimnyama ukuya kubantu baseNtshona “abaphucukileyo”. Ukufundiswa kugqibelele xa abantwana abasebenzisa ezi ncwadi beba ngoososayensi, iintatheli, abagcini beemyuziyam, abezopolitiko, ababhali, okanye abazobi.
Uphawu oluphambili localucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo ngokobulili kukuba ziqhubeka ngokungazi ngabantu abadla ngokungazi ukuba amabali abo kunye nezigqibo zabo zinocalucalulo. Izazinzulu zinokulwa nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ngokobulili, nangokweNtshona oluhlala lukho ngokuba ngabalumkileyo nabakhutheleyo ekuchongeni nasekulungiseni ezi mpembelelo kumsebenzi wazo. Ukuvumela amabali angachanekanga ukuba aqhubeke ejikeleza kwisayensi, kwezonyango, kwimfundo, nakwiindaba akupheleli nje ekuqhubekeni kwala mabali kwizizukulwana ezizayo, kodwa kukwaqhubela phambili ucalucalulo, ingcinezelo, kunye nezenzo zonya ezazizithethelela kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-11-2024