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Intshayelelo Amabhunga olawulo kwishishini lamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland afuna ukuba oogqirha bamazinyo babe neziqinisekiso kwaye babe nolwazi, izakhono kunye neempawu eziza kubenza bakwazi ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokubekwa esweni. Iindlela izikolo zamazinyo ezifikelela ngazo le njongo zinokwahluka kwaye zitshintshwe ngenxa yotshintsho olulindelweyo ngamabhunga olawulo kunye nemingeni kwindawo yemfundo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezisebenza kakuhle kwaye kusasazwe iindlela ezilungileyo ezichazwe kwiincwadi.
Iinjongo Ukusebenzisa uphononongo lwe-scoping ukuchonga iindlela zokufundisa izakhono zamazinyo zonyango kwiincwadi ezishicilelweyo, kubandakanya ukuqamba izinto ezintsha, inkuthazo yotshintsho, kunye nezinto ezichaphazela umgangatho nomgangatho wokufundisa.
Iindlela. Indlela yokujonga ubungakanani bedatha isetyenzisiwe ukukhetha nokuhlalutya amanqaku angama-57 apapashwe phakathi kowama-2008 nowama-2018.
Iziphumo. Uphuhliso kwitekhnoloji yolwazi kunye nophuhliso lweendawo zokufunda ezisebenzisa i-intanethi kuye kwanceda ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha ekufundiseni kwaye kwakhuthaza ukufunda okuzimeleyo nokuzimela. Uqeqesho oluqhutywa ngaphambi konyango lwenziwa kwiilabhoratri zobuchwepheshe beklinikhi kusetyenziswa iintloko ze-mannequin, kwaye ezinye izikolo zamazinyo nazo zisebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa i-virtual reality. Amava eklinikhi afunyanwa ikakhulu kwiikliniki ezininzi kunye namaziko oqeqesho oluhambayo. Inani elaneleyo lezigulana ezifanelekileyo, inani labafundi elikhulayo, kunye nokuncipha kwabasebenzi kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kubangele ukwehla kwamava eklinikhi ngeendlela ezithile zonyango.
Isiphelo Uqeqesho lwangoku lwezakhono zamazinyo lwezonyango luvelisa abaphumeleleyo abatsha abanolwazi oluhle lwethiyori, abalungiselele kwaye bazithembile kwizakhono ezisisiseko zezonyango, kodwa bengenawo amava kunyango oluntsonkothileyo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba bangakwazi ukuzilolonga ngokuzimeleyo.
Usebenzisa uncwadi aze abonise impembelelo yezinto ezintsha ezikhankanyiweyo ekusebenzeni nasekuphunyezweni kokufundiswa kwezakhono zonyango lwamazinyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyango.
Iinkxalabo ezininzi zichongiwe ngabachaphazelekayo ngokunxulumene neendawo ezithile zonyango apho umngcipheko wokungalungiseleli ngokwaneleyo ukuzibandakanya ngokuzimeleyo uxelwe khona.
Iluncedo kwabo babandakanyekayo ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela zokufundisa kwinqanaba le-undergraduate, kunye nabo babandakanyekayo kunxibelelwano phakathi kwe-undergraduate kunye noqeqesho olusisiseko.
Izikolo zamazinyo kufuneka zibonelele abaphumeleleyo ngezakhono nolwazi oluya kubenza bakwazi ukuzilolonga ngobuchule, ngovelwano, nangokuzimela ngaphandle kokubekwa esweni, njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo elithi “Ukulungiselela Ukuzilolonga”.
IBhunga laMazinyo lase-Ireland linoMgaqo woQeqesho ochaza ulindelo lwalo kwiindawo ezininzi zonyango.
Nangona iziphumo zenkqubo ye-undergraduate kwicandelo ngalinye zichazwe ngokucacileyo, isikolo ngasinye samazinyo sinelungelo lokuphuhlisa ikharityhulam yaso. Izinto eziphambili kukufundiswa kwethiyori esisiseko, indlela ekhuselekileyo yokusebenzisa izakhono zotyando ezisisiseko ngaphambi kokuba isigulana sidibane, kunye nokuphucula izakhono zesigulana phantsi kweliso.
Uninzi lwabaphumeleleyo e-UK bangena kwinkqubo yonyaka omnye ebizwa ngokuba yiFoundation Training, exhaswa yiNational Health Service, apho basebenza kwisikolo esikhethiweyo phantsi kweliso leNtloko yeMfundo (eyayisakuba yiNHS Basic Patient Education Trainer in Primary Care Practice). . Abathathi-nxaxheba baya kwizikolo zokufunda ubuncinane ezingama-30 ezifunekayo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sendawo ukuze bafumane uqeqesho olongezelelweyo olucwangcisiweyo. Le khosi yaphuhliswa yiBhunga leeDean kunye nabaLawuli bePostgraduate Dentistry e-UK. 6 Ukugqitywa okwanelisayo kwale khosi kuyafuneka ngaphambi kokuba ugqirha wamazinyo afake isicelo senombolo yomdlali kwaye aqale ukusebenza kwiGP okanye ajoyine inkonzo yesibhedlele kunyaka olandelayo.
EIreland, oogqirha bamazinyo abasandula ukugqiba izifundo zabo banokungena kwizikhundla zonyango oluqhelekileyo (GP) okanye esibhedlele ngaphandle koqeqesho olongezelelweyo.
Injongo yale projekthi yophando yayikukwenza uphononongo loncwadi olucwangcisiweyo ukuze kuhlolwe kwaye kudweliswe uluhlu lweendlela zokufundisa izakhono zamazinyo zeklinikhi kwinqanaba le-undergraduate kwizikolo zamazinyo zase-UK nase-Ireland ukuze kuchongwe ukuba ngaba kwaye kutheni kuye kwavela iindlela ezintsha zokufundisa, nokuba imeko yokufundisa itshintshile na, indlela abafundisi kunye nabafundi abajonga ngayo ukufundisa, kunye nendlela ukufundisa okubalungiselela ngayo abafundi ubomi bokusebenza kwamazinyo.
Iinjongo zolu phando lungentla zifanelekile kwindlela yophando lophando. Uphononongo lwe-scoping sisixhobo esifanelekileyo sokumisela ububanzi okanye ububanzi boncwadi ngesihloko esithile kwaye lusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngesishwankathelo sohlobo kunye nobungakanani bobungqina besayensi obufumanekayo. Ngale ndlela, izikhewu zolwazi zinokuchongwa kwaye ngaloo ndlela zicebise izihloko zophononongo olucwangcisiweyo.
Indlela yokwenza olu phononongo ilandele isakhelo esichazwe ngu-Arksey no-O'Malley 7 kwaye saphuculwa nguLevack et al. 8 Isakhelo siqulathe isakhelo esinezinyathelo ezintandathu esenzelwe ukukhokela abaphandi kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo yophononongo.
Ngoko ke, olu phononongo lokuhlola luquke amanyathelo amahlanu: ukuchaza umbuzo wophando (Inyathelo 1); ukuchonga izifundo ezifanelekileyo (inyathelo 2); ukubonisa iziphumo (Inyathelo 5). Inqanaba lesithandathu - iingxoxo - alizange lisetyenziswe. Nangona uLevac et al. 8 bebona oku njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindlela yophononongo lokuhlola kuba uphononongo lwabachaphazelekayo lonyusa ubunzima bophando, uArksey et al. 7 bajonga eli nyathelo njengokhetho.
Imibuzo yophando imiselwa ngokusekelwe kwiinjongo zophononongo, ezizezokuhlola oko kuboniswe kwiincwadi:
Iimbono zabathathi-nxaxheba (abafundi, abafundisi bezonyango, izigulane) malunga namava abo okufundisa izakhono zonyango kwisikolo samazinyo kunye nokulungiselela kwabo ukwenza umsebenzi.
Isiseko sedatha iMedline All sikhangelwe kusetyenziswa iqonga le-Ovid ukuchonga amanqaku okuqala. Olu phendlo lovavanyo lubonelele ngamagama angundoqo asetyenziswa kuphendlo olulandelayo. Khangela kwiisiseko zedatha iWiley kunye ne-ERIC (iqonga le-EBSCO) usebenzisa amagama angundoqo athi “imfundo yamazinyo kunye noqeqesho lwezakhono zeklinikhi” OKANYE “uqeqesho lwezakhono zeklinikhi.” Khangela kwisiseko sedatha sase-UK usebenzisa amagama angundoqo athi “imfundo yamazinyo kunye noqeqesho lwezakhono zeklinikhi” OKANYE “uphuhliso lwezakhono zeklinikhi” Ijenali yoBugqirha bamazinyo kunye neJenali yaseYurophu yoBugqirha bamazinyo ikhangelwe.
Inkqubo yokukhetha yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhethwa kwamanqaku kuyahambelana kwaye kuqulethe ulwazi olulindelekileyo ukuba luphendule umbuzo wophando (Itheyibhile 1). Jonga uluhlu lwesalathiso senqaku elikhethiweyo ukuze ufumane amanye amanqaku afanelekileyo. Umzobo wePRISMA kuMfanekiso 1 ushwankathela iziphumo zenkqubo yokukhetha.
Iidayagram zedatha zenziwe ukuze zibonise iimpawu eziphambili kunye neziphumo ekulindeleke ukuba ziboniswe kwiimpawu ezikhethiweyo zenqaku. 7 Izicatshulwa ezipheleleyo zamanqaku akhethiweyo zihlolwe ukuze kuchongwe imixholo.
Amanqaku angama-57 apheleleyo ahlangabezana neemfuno ezichazwe kwiprotokholi yokukhetha akhethwe ukuba afakwe kuphononongo loncwadi. Olu luhlu lubonelelwe kulwazi olongezelelweyo olukwi-intanethi.
La manqaku aphuma kumsebenzi weqela labaphandi abavela kwizikolo zamazinyo ezili-11 (61% yezikolo zamazinyo e-UK nase-Ireland) (Umzobo 2).
Amanqaku angama-57 ahlangabezana neemfuno zokufakwa kolu phononongo ahlolisise iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa izakhono zamazinyo zeklinikhi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi. Ngokuhlalutya umxholo wamanqaku, inqaku ngalinye lahlelwa kwicandelo lalo lezonyango elihambelanayo. Kwezinye iimeko, amanqaku agxile ekufundiseni izakhono zeklinikhi ngaphakathi kwicandelo elinye lezonyango. Amanye ajonge izakhono zamazinyo zeklinikhi okanye iimeko zokufunda ezithile ezinxulumene neendawo ezininzi zeklinikhi. Iqela elibizwa ngokuba "Ezinye" limela uhlobo lokugqibela lwento.
Amanqaku agxile ekufundiseni izakhono zonxibelelwano kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela yokuziqhelanisa abekwe phantsi kweqela elithi “Soft Skills”. Kwizikolo ezininzi zamazinyo, abafundi banyanga izigulane zabantu abadala kwiikliniki ezahlukeneyo ezijongana nazo zonke iinkalo zempilo yomlomo wabo. Iqela elithi “ukhathalelo olupheleleyo lwezigulane” libhekisa kumanqaku achaza amanyathelo emfundo yezonyango kwezi ndawo.
Ngokuphathelele iinkalo zonyango, ukusasazwa kwamanqaku ophononongo angama-57 kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Emva kokuhlalutya idatha, kwavela imixholo emihlanu ephambili, nganye inemixholo embalwa. Amanye amanqaku aqulethe idatha kwizihloko ezininzi, njengolwazi lokufundisa iingcamango zethiyori kunye neendlela zokufundisa izakhono zeklinikhi ezisebenzayo. Izihloko zezimvo zisekelwe kakhulu kuphando olusekelwe kwimibuzo ebonisa izimvo zeentloko zamasebe, abaphandi, izigulane kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo. Ukongeza, umxholo wezimvo unike "ilizwi labafundi" elibalulekileyo kunye neengcaphuno ezithe ngqo kumanqaku ali-16 amele izimvo zabathathi-nxaxheba babafundi ngo-2042 (Umfanekiso 4).
Nangona kukho umahluko omkhulu kwixesha lokufundisa kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kukho ukuhambelana okukhulu kwindlela yokufundisa iingcamango zethiyori. Kuxelwe ukuba iintetho, iisemina, kunye noqeqesho zibonelelwe kuzo zonke izikolo zamazinyo, ezinye zamkela ukufunda okusekelwe kwiingxaki. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ukuphucula umxholo (onokuba nomtsalane) ngeendlela zeaudiovisual kuye kwafunyaniswa kuqhelekile kwizifundo ezifundiswa ngokwesiko.
Ukufundisa bekuqhutywa ngabasebenzi bezemfundo yezonyango (abaphezulu nabangaphantsi), oogqirha abaqhelekileyo kunye neengcali eziziingcali (umz. iingcali ze-radiology). Izixhobo eziprintiweyo zithathelwe indawo kakhulu zii-portals ezikwi-intanethi apho abafundi banokufikelela khona kwizixhobo zezifundo.
Lonke uqeqesho lwezakhono zonyango lwangaphambi konyango kwisikolo samazinyo lwenzeka kwiPhantom Lab. Izixhobo zokujikeleza, izixhobo zesandla, kunye nezixhobo ze-x-ray ziyafana nezo zisetyenziswa ekliniki, ngoko ke ukongeza ekufundeni izakhono zotyando lwamazinyo kwindawo eqikelelweyo, ungaqhelana nezixhobo, i-ergonomics, kunye nokhuseleko lwesigulana. Izakhono ezisisiseko zokubuyisela zifundiswa kunyaka wokuqala nowesibini, kulandele i-endodontics, i-prosthodontics esisigxina kunye notyando lomlomo kwiminyaka elandelayo (unyaka wesithathu ukuya kowesihlanu).
Imiboniso ebukhoma yezakhono zonyango ithathelwe indawo kakhulu zizixhobo zevidiyo ezibonelelwa ziindawo zokufunda ezikwi-intanethi zesikolo samazinyo (ii-VLE). Abasebenzi boqeqesho baquka ootitshala bezonyango baseyunivesithi kunye noogqirha ngokubanzi. Izikolo ezininzi zamazinyo zifake ii-simulators ze-virtual reality.
Uqeqesho lwezakhono zonxibelelwano luqhutywa kwi-workshop, kusetyenziswa abafundi ofunda nabo kunye nabadlali ababoniswe ngokukodwa njengabaguli abalinganiswayo ukuze baziqhelanise neemeko zonxibelelwano ngaphambi kokuba kudibane nesigulana, nangona itekhnoloji yevidiyo isetyenziselwa ukubonisa iindlela ezilungileyo zokusebenza kunye nokuvumela abafundi ukuba bavavanye ukusebenza kwabo.
Ngexesha lesigaba sangaphambi konyango, abafundi bakhupha amazinyo kwizidumbu zikaThiel eziqhotsiweyo ukuze baphucule indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto.
Uninzi lwezikolo zamazinyo ziseke iikliniki ezininzi ezikhethekileyo apho zonke iimfuno zonyango lwesigulana zihlangatyezwa kwikliniki enye kuneekliniki ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, uninzi lwababhali abakholelwa ukuba yeyona modeli ilungileyo yokusebenza konyango lokuqala.
Abaphathi bezonyango banika ingxelo ngokusekelwe kwindlela umfundi asebenza ngayo kwiinkqubo zonyango, kwaye ukucamngca ngale ngxelo kunokukhokela ekufundeni izakhono ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo.
Abantu abaphethe eli “sebe” kusenokwenzeka ukuba bafumene uqeqesho lwasemva kwesidanga sokuqala kwicandelo lemfundo.
Ukuthembeka kwinqanaba lezonyango kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kuphuculwe ngokusebenzisa iikliniki ezininzi kwizikolo zamazinyo kunye nophuhliso lweekliniki ezincinci ezifikelela ebantwini ezaziwa ngokuba ziindawo zokufikelela ebantwini. Iinkqubo zokufikelela ebantwini ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo yabafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo: abafundi bonyaka wokugqibela bachitha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yexesha labo kwiikliniki ezinjalo. Iikliniki ezikhethekileyo, iikliniki zamazinyo zoluntu lwe-NHS kunye nokubekwa koogqirha bezilwanyana zazibandakanyekile. Abaphathi bamazinyo bayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwendawo, njengoko kunjalo nohlobo lwamava ezonyango afunyenwe ngenxa yokwahluka kwabemi bezigulana. Abafundi bafumana amava okusebenza nabanye oochwephesha bokhathalelo lwamazinyo kwaye bafumana ukuqonda okunzulu ngeendlela zobuchwephesha ezahlukeneyo. Iingenelo ezibangwayo ziquka inani elikhulu nelahlukeneyo lezigulana kumaziko okufikelela kubantu xa kuthelekiswa neekliniki zamazinyo ezisekelwe esikolweni.
Iindawo zokusebenza ze-Virtual Reality ziye zaphuhliswa njengendlela eyahlukileyo yezixhobo ze-phantom head zemveli zoqeqesho lwezakhono zangaphambi kweklinikhi kwizikolo zamazinyo ezimbalwa. Abafundi banxiba iiglasi ze-3D ukudala indawo ye-Virtual Reality. Iimpawu ze-audiovisual kunye ne-auditory zibonelela abaqhubi ngolwazi oluchanekileyo nolusebenzayo ngokukhawuleza. Abafundi basebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo abanokukhetha kuzo, ukusuka ekulungiseleleni i-cavity elula yabaqalayo ukuya kwi-crown kunye nokulungiselela i-bridge kubafundi abaphambili. Iingenelo zixelwe ukuba ziquka iimfuno eziphantsi zokubeka esweni, ezinokuphucula imveliso kwaye zinciphise iindleko zokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zendabuko ezikhokelwa ngabaphathi.
I-Computer Virtual Reality Simulator (CVRS) idibanisa iiyunithi zentloko ze-phantom zemveli kunye ne-hardware kunye neekhamera ze-infrared kunye neekhompyutha ukwenza i-virtual reality enobukhulu obuthathu bomngxuma, igubungela imizamo yomfundi ngoqeqesho olufanelekileyo kwisikrini.
Izixhobo ze-VR/haptic ziyahambelana endaweni yokuthatha indawo yeendlela zemveli, kwaye kuthiwa abafundi bakhetha indibaniselwano yokubeka esweni kunye nempendulo kwikhompyutha.
Uninzi lwezikolo zamazinyo zisebenzisa i-VLE ukuvumela abafundi ukuba bafikelele kwizixhobo kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ekwi-intanethi enamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okunxibelelana, njengee-webinars, izifundo, kunye neentetho. Iingenelo ze-VLE zixelwe ukuba ziquka ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokuzimela njengoko abafundi benokubeka isantya sabo, ixesha kunye nendawo yokufunda. Izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezenziwe ngabazali bezikolo zamazinyo ngokwazo (kunye neminye imithombo emininzi eyenziwe kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe) zikhokelele ekwandiseni ukufunda kwihlabathi liphela. Ukufunda nge-e kudla ngokudityaniswa nokufunda ubuso ngobuso kwendabuko (ukufunda okudibeneyo). Le ndlela ikholelwa ukuba isebenza ngakumbi kunendlela nganye yodwa.
Ezinye iikliniki zamazinyo zibonelela ngeelaptops ezivumela abafundi ukuba bafumane izixhobo ze-VLE ngexesha lonyango.
Amava okunika nokufumana ugxeko lwezopolitiko andisa ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi emsebenzini. Abafundi baqaphele ukuba babephuhlisa izakhono zokucamngca nokugxeka.
Umsebenzi weqela ongafundiswanga, apho abafundi beqhuba iiworkshop zabo besebenzisa izixhobo ezibonelelwa sisikolo samazinyo se-VLE, uthathwa njengendlela esebenzayo yokuphuhlisa izakhono zokuzilawula kunye nentsebenziswano ezifunekayo ukuze umntu azenzele umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo.
Uninzi lwezikolo zamazinyo zisebenzisa iipotifoliyo (amaxwebhu enkqubela yomsebenzi) kunye neepotifoliyo ze-elektroniki. Ipotifoliyo enjalo inika ingxelo esemthethweni yempumelelo namava, iqinisa ukuqonda ngokucamngca ngamava, kwaye yindlela entle yokuphuhlisa ubuchule kunye nezakhono zokuzihlola.
Kukho ukunqongophala kwezigulane ezifanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobuchwephesha bezonyango. Iingcaciso ezinokubakho ziquka ukuya kwizigulane ezingathembekanga, izigulane ezigula kakhulu ezinezifo ezincinci okanye ezingenazo kwaphela, ukungathobeli unyango kwezigulane, kunye nokungakwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo zonyango.
Iikliniki zokuhlola nokuvavanya ziyakhuthazwa ukuba zandise ukufikelela kwabaguli. Amanqaku aliqela aveze inkxalabo yokuba ukungabikho kokusetyenziswa kwezonyango kwezinye iindlela zonyango kunokubangela iingxaki xa abafundi beFoundation bedibana nonyango olunjalo ngokusebenzayo.
Kukho ukuthembela okukhulayo kwi-GDP yexeshana kunye ne-faculty yeklinikhi ngaphakathi kwabasebenzi bonyango lwamazinyo abalungisayo, kunye nendima ye-faculty yeklinikhi ephezulu eba noxanduva oluqhubekayo lokulawula kunye nokucwangcisa iinkalo ezithile zomxholo wezifundo. Amanqaku ayi-16/57 (28%) akhankanye ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi bezonyango kumanqanaba okufundisa kunye nobunkokeli.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-29-2024