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IntshayeleloIfomathi yeklasi eguqulweyo (FC) ifuna abafundi baphonononge izihloko zethiyori besebenzisa izixhobo ezibonelelweyo ngaphambi kokufundiswa ubuso ngobuso. Injongo kukuba ngenxa yokuba abafundi beqhelene nezinto ezifundwayo, baya kuzuza okungakumbi kunxibelelwano lwabo nomfundisi. Le fomathi ibonakalisiwe ukuba yonyusa ulwaneliseko lwabafundi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezemfundo, kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo, kunye nokukhokelela kwimpumelelo ephezulu kwezemfundo.
Iindlela. Eli nqaku lichaza utshintsho lwekhosi yesicelo samazinyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo kwisikolo samazinyo sase-UK ukusuka kwindlela yesifundo sendabuko ukuya kwifomathi ye-hybrid FC ngexesha lonyaka wezifundo ka-2019/2020, kwaye lithelekisa ingxelo yabafundi ngaphambi nasemva kotshintsho.
Ingxelo esemthethweni nengekho sesikweni efunyenwe kubafundi emva kotshintsho yayintle ngokupheleleyo.
Ingxoxo I-FC ibonisa ithemba elikhulu njengesixhobo samadoda kwizifundo zonyango, kodwa uphando olongezelelekileyo luyafuneka, ngakumbi ukulinganisa impumelelo yezemfundo.
Isikolo samazinyo e-UK sisebenzise ngokupheleleyo indlela yeklasi eguqulweyo (FC) ekufundiseni izixhobo zamazinyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo.
Indlela ye-FC ingahlengahlengiswa kwiikhosi ezingangqamananga nezingqamananga ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neendlela zokufundisa zokufunda ezixutyiweyo, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yobhubhane we-COVID-19.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, iindlela ezininzi ezintsha, ezinomdla nezintsha zokufundisa ziye zachazwa zaza zavavanywa. Le ndlela intsha yamadoda ibizwa ngokuba yi-"flipped classroom" (FC). Le ndlela ifuna abafundi baphonononge iinkalo zethiyori zekhosi ngokusebenzisa izinto ezibonelelweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintetho ezirekhodwe kwangaphambili) ngaphambi kokufundiswa ubuso ngobuso, ngenjongo yokuba njengoko abafundi beqhelana nesihloko, bafumane ulwazi oluthe kratya ngokunxibelelana nomfundisi. ixesha. Le fomathi iboniswe ukuba iphucula ulwaneliseko lwabafundi1, impumelelo yezemfundo, kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo2,3, kunye nempumelelo ephezulu yezemfundo. 4,5 Ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela intsha yokufundisa kulindeleke ukuba kuphucule ulwaneliseko lwabafundi ngesifundo se-Applied Dental Materials and Biomaterials (ADM&B) kwizikolo zamazinyo zase-UK. Injongo yolu phononongo kukuvavanya ulwaneliseko lwabafundi ngekhosi ngaphambi nasemva kotshintsho ekufundiseni ithiyori njengoko kulinganiswa yiFomu yoVavanyo lweKhosi yaBafundi (SCEF).
Indlela ye-FC idla ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yekhompyutha, ngoko ke iintetho ziyasuswa kwishedyuli kwaye zinikezelwa kwi-intanethi ngaphambi kokuba ootitshala baqale ukusebenzisa ezi ngcamango. 6 Ukusukela oko yasungulwa kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zase-US, indlela ye-FC isasazeke kakhulu kwimfundo ephakamileyo. 6 Indlela ye-FC ibonakalise ukuba iphumelele kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyango 1,7 kwaye ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwayo nempumelelo buvela kunyango lwamazinyo. 3,4,8,9 Nangona iziphumo ezininzi ezilungileyo zibikiwe malunga nolwaneliseko lwabafundi, 1,9 kukho ubungqina bokuqala obuyidibanisa nokusebenza kakuhle kwezemfundo. 4,10,11 Uhlalutyo lwakutshanje lwe-FC kwiinkalo ezininzi zempilo lufumanise ukuba i-FC ivelise uphuculo olukhulu ekufundeni kwabafundi xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli, 12 ngelixa ezinye izifundo kwiinkalo zamazinyo zifumanise ukuba ixhasa ngcono ukusebenza kwezemfundo kwabafundi abahlwempuzekileyo. 13.14
Kukho imingeni ekufundiseni amazinyo malunga neendlela zokufunda ezine ezaziwayo ezichazwe nguHoney noMumford 15 eziphefumlelwe ngumsebenzi kaKolb. 16 Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa indlela ikhosi enokufundiswa ngayo kusetyenziswa indlela ye-FC exutyiweyo ukwamkela zonke ezi ndlela zokufunda.15
Ukongeza, le ndlela yekhosi elungisiweyo yayilindeleke ukuba ikhuthaze ukucinga okusemgangathweni ophezulu. Kusetyenziswa iBloom's Taxonomy 17 njengesakhelo, iintetho ezikwi-intanethi zenzelwe ukunika ulwazi kwaye izifundo zenzelwe ukuphonononga nokuphuhlisa ukuqonda ngaphambi kokuba imisebenzi eyenziwa ngezandla itshintshele ekusebenziseni nasekuhlalutyeni. IKolb Learning Cycle 18 yithiyori yokufunda ngamava emiselweyo efanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa ekufundiseni amazinyo, ingakumbi kuba sisifundo esisebenzayo. Le thiyori isekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi bafunda ngokwenza. Kule meko, amava asebenzayo ekuxubeni nasekuphatheni iimveliso zamazinyo aphucula amava okufundisa, andisa ukuqonda kwabafundi, kwaye andise ukusetyenziswa kwesifundo. Abafundi banikwa iincwadi zomsebenzi eziqulethe izinto ezisebenza ngezandla ukuxhasa ukufunda ngamava, njengoko kuboniswe kwiKolb Cycle 18 (Umfanekiso 1). Ukongeza, iiworkshops ezisebenzisanayo zokufunda okusekelwe kwiingxaki zongezwe kwinkqubo. Zongezwe ukuze kufezekiswe ukufunda okunzulu kwaye kukhuthazwe abafundi ukuba babe ngabafundi abazimeleyo. 19
Ukongeza, le ndlela ye-hybrid FC kulindeleke ukuba ivale umsantsa phakathi kwezizukulwana phakathi kwendlela yokufundisa nokufunda. 20 Abafundi namhlanje banokuba sisizukulwana Y. Esi sizukulwana ngokubanzi sisebenzisana, siphumelela kwitekhnoloji, siphendula kwiindlela zokufunda zoqeqesho, kwaye sikhetha izifundo zeemeko ezinempendulo ekhawulezileyo, 21 zonke ezibandakanyiweyo kwindlela ye-hybrid FC. 11
Siqhagamshelane neKomiti yokuHlola ukuziphatha yesikolo sezonyango ukuze sibone ukuba ngaba kufuneka uphononongo lokuziphatha. Kufunyenwe isiqinisekiso esibhaliweyo sokuba olu phononongo yayiluphononongo lovavanyo lwenkonzo kwaye ngoko ke imvume yokuziphatha yayingafuneki.
Ukuze kube lula ukutshintshela kwindlela ye-FC, kulo mbandela kwathathwa njengokufanelekileyo ukwenza utshintsho olukhulu kwikharityhulam yonke ye-ADM&B. Ikhosi ecetywayo iqalwa ngokudweba okanye ibekwe kwibhodi yamabali 22 yinkokeli yesifundo ejongene nekhosi, yahlulahlula ngokwezihloko ezichazwe sisifundo sayo. Iintetho ezincinci, ezibizwa ngokuba “ziintetho,” ziguqulwe kwizixhobo zezifundo zemfundo ezazikho ngaphambili ezirekhodiweyo kwaye zigcinwe njengeentetho zePowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) ezinxulumene nesihloko ngasinye. Zidla ngokuba zimfutshane, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubafundi ukugxila kwaye inciphise amathuba okulahlekelwa ngumdla. Zikwavumela ukuba wenze izifundo zemodyuli zokuguquguquka, njengoko ezinye izihloko zigubungela iindawo ezininzi. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokubonisa amazinyo eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza amazinyo okufakelwa asuswayo kunye nokulungiswa okusisigxina, okugutyungelwe kwizifundo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Intetho nganye egubungela izixhobo zentetho zemveli irekhodwe njengepodcast kusetyenziswa ukurekhoda ividiyo njengoko oku kufunyaniswe kusebenza ngakumbi ekugcineni ulwazi kusetyenziswa iPanopto eSeattle, USA23. Ezi podcasts ziyafumaneka kwiNdawo yokuFunda eyi-Virtual (VLE) yeyunivesithi. Ikhosi iya kuvela kwikhalenda yomfundi kwaye intetho iya kuba kwifomathi yeMicrosoft Inc. PowerPoint kunye nekhonkco le-podcast. Abafundi bayakhuthazwa ukuba babukele ii-podcast zeentetho zeentetho, ezibavumela ukuba baphawule kumanqaku okanye babhale phantsi nayiphi na imibuzo efika engqondweni ngelo xesha. Emva kokukhutshwa kwezilayidi zeentetho kunye nee-podcast, kucwangciswe iiklasi ezongezelelweyo kunye nemisebenzi yokwenziwa ngezandla. Abafundi bayacetyiswa ngomlomo ngumququzeleli wekhosi ukuba kufuneka bahlaziye iintetho ngaphambi kokuba baye kwii-tutorials kunye ne-practicals ukuze bafumane okuninzi kwaye banikele kwikhosi, kwaye oku kubhalwe kwincwadi yesikhokelo.
Ezi zifundo zithatha indawo yeentetho zangaphambili zexesha elimiselweyo kwaye zinikwa ngaphambi kweeseshoni ezisebenzayo. Ootitshala baququzelela ukufundisa ngokuhlengahlengisa ukufundisa ukuze kuhambelane neemfuno zabo zokufunda. Ikwabonelela ngethuba lokuqaqambisa amanqaku aphambili, ukuvavanya ulwazi nokuqonda, ukuvumela iingxoxo zabafundi, kunye nokwenza lula imibuzo. Olu hlobo lonxibelelwano lontanga lubonakalisiwe lukhuthaza ukuqonda okunzulu kwengcamango. 11 UGali et al 24 bafumanise ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nokufundiswa okusekelwe kwintetho yesiqhelo komxholo wamazinyo, iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwisifundo zincede abafundi baqhagamshelane nokufunda nokusetyenziswa kweklinikhi. Abafundi baxele nokuba bafumene ukufundisa kukhuthaza ngakumbi kwaye kunomdla. Izikhokelo zokufunda ngamanye amaxesha ziquka ii-quizzes nge-OMBEA Response (OMBEA Ltd., eLondon, e-UK). Uphando lubonise ukuba isiphumo sovavanyo lwe-quizzes sinempembelelo entle kwiziphumo zokufunda ukongeza ekuvavanyeni ukuqonda kwezinto zethiyori ezivezwa ngaphambi koqeqesho lobuso ngobuso25. 26
Njengesiqhelo, ekupheleni kwesemester nganye, abafundi bayamenywa ukuba banike ingxelo esemthethweni ngeengxelo ze-SCEF. Thelekisa ingxelo esemthethweni nengacwangciswanga efunyenweyo ngaphambi kokutshintsha ifomathi yesihloko.
Ngenxa yenani elincinci labafundi kwikhosi nganye kwiFakhalthi yoBugqirha baMazinyo kwiYunivesithi yaseAberdeen kunye nenani elincinci kakhulu labasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekufundiseni izifundo ze-ADM&B, akunakwenzeka ukucaphula izimvo zabafundi ngokuthe ngqo. Olu xwebhu lubandakanyiwe ukugcina nokukhusela ukungaziwa.
Nangona kunjalo, kwaphawulwa ukuba izimvo zabafundi kwi-SCEF zahlulwe kakhulu kwiindidi ezine eziphambili, ezizezi: indlela yokufundisa, ixesha lokufundisa kunye nokufumaneka kolwazi nomxholo.
Ngokuphathelele iindlela zokufundisa, ngaphambi kotshintsho kwakukho abafundi abaninzi abanganelisekanga kunabo banelisekileyo. Emva kotshintsho, inani labafundi abathi banelisekile ngaphezu kokunganeliseki laphindaphindeka kane. Zonke izimvo malunga nobude bexesha lokufundisa nezixhobo zazisuka ekunganelisekeni ngazwi linye ukuya kulwaneliseko. Oku kwaphindwa kwiimpendulo zabafundi malunga nokufikeleleka kwezixhobo. Umxholo wezixhobo awutshintshanga kangako, kwaye abafundi babehlala benelisekile lulwazi olunikiweyo, kodwa njengoko lutshintsha, abafundi abaninzi basabela kakuhle kumxholo.
Emva kotshintsho kwindlela yokufunda exutyiweyo yeFC, abafundi banike ingxelo engaphezulu kakhulu ngefomu yeSCEF kunangaphambi kotshintsho.
Uvavanyo lwamanani aluzange lufakwe kwingxelo yokuqala ye-SCEF kodwa lwaziswa kunyaka wezifundo ka-2019/20 ukuzama ukulinganisa ukwamkelwa kwekhosi kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ukonwabela ikhosi kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngendlela yokufunda kwalinganiswa kwisikali samanqaku amane: ndiyavuma kakhulu (SA), ndiyavuma ngokubanzi (GA), andivumi ngokubanzi (GD), kwaye andivumi kakhulu (SD). Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiMifanekiso 2 kunye no-3, bonke abafundi bayifumene le khosi inomdla kwaye iyasebenza, kwaye ngumfundi omnye kuphela we-BDS3 ongazange ayifumane indlela yokufunda isebenza ngayo iyonke.
Ukufumana ubungqina obuxhasa utshintsho kuyilo lwezifundo kunzima ngenxa yokwahluka komxholo kunye neendlela, ngoko ke kufuneka ugwebo lobuchwephesha. 2 Nangona kunjalo, kuzo zonke iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo zamadoda kunye nobungqina obuvelayo bokusebenza kwe-FC kwimfundo yezonyango, le ndlela ibonakala iyeyona ifanelekileyo kwikhosi ekuthethwa ngayo, njengoko nangona abafundi bangaphambili babenelisekile ngokubhekiselele kukubaluleka kunye nomxholo. iphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukufundisa kuphantsi kakhulu.
Impumelelo yefomathi entsha yeFC ilinganiswe ngempendulo yabafundi esemthethweni nengekho sesikweni kunye nokuthelekiswa nezimvo ezifunyenwe kwifomathi yangaphambili. Njengoko bekulindelekile, abafundi bathi bayayithanda ifomathi yeFC kuba banokufikelela kwizixhobo ezikwi-intanethi njengoko kufuneka, ngexesha labo, kwaye bazisebenzise ngesantya sabo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwiingcinga kunye neengcinga ezinzima ngakumbi apho abafundi banokufuna ukuphinda eli candelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo de baliqonde. Uninzi lwabafundi lwalubandakanyeke ngokupheleleyo kule nkqubo, kwaye abo, ngokwenkcazo, babenexesha elingakumbi lokulungiselela isifundo. Inqaku likaChega liyaqinisekisa oku. 7 Ukongeza, iziphumo zibonise ukuba abafundi baxabisa umgangatho ophezulu wokunxibelelana nomqeqeshi kunye nokufunda kwaye izifundo zangaphambi kokuziqhelanisa zazilungiselelwe iimfuno zabo zokufunda. Njengoko bekulindelekile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa ngezandla kwandisa ukubandakanyeka kwabafundi, ulonwabo, kunye nokusebenzisana.
Izikolo zabafundi bamazinyo e-Aberdeen zintsha kwaye zintsha. Ngelo xesha, iinkqubo ezininzi zenzelwe ukuqaliswa ngoko nangoko, kodwa zahlengahlengiswa kwaye zaphuculwa njengoko zazisetyenziswa ukuze zilungele injongo. Oku kunjalo ngezixhobo zempendulo yekhosi ezisemthethweni. Ifomu yokuqala ye-SCEF yacela impendulo kuyo yonke ikhosi, yaze yaphuculwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze ibandakanye imibuzo malunga nempilo yamazinyo kunye nesifo (igama elisisiseko sale sihloko), kwaye ekugqibeleni yacela impendulo ngokukodwa kwi-ADM&B. Kwakhona, ingxelo yokuqala yacela izimvo ngokubanzi, kodwa njengoko ingxelo iqhubeka, imibuzo ethile yabuzwa malunga namandla, ubuthathaka, kunye nazo naziphi na iindlela zokufundisa ezintsha ezisetyenzisiweyo kwikhosi. Ingxelo efanelekileyo malunga nokuphunyezwa kwendlela ye-hybrid FC ifakwe kwezinye izifundo. Oku kwahlanganiswa kwaye kwafakwa kwiziphumo. Ngelishwa, ngeenjongo zolu phononongo, idatha yamanani ayizange iqokelelwe kwasekuqaleni njengoko oku bekuya kukhokelela ekulinganisweni okunentsingiselo kophuculo okanye olunye utshintsho kwimpembelelo ngaphakathi kwikhosi.
Njengakwiiyunivesithi ezininzi, iintetho kwiYunivesithi yaseAberdeen azithathwa njengezinyanzelekileyo, nakwiinkqubo ezilawulwa zimibutho yangaphandle efana neGeneral Dental Council, enoxanduva olusemthethweni nolusemthethweni lokujonga imfundo yamazinyo e-UK. Zonke ezinye izifundo ziyafuneka, ngoko ke ngokutshintsha inkcazo yekhosi ibe sisikhokelo sokufunda, abafundi baya kunyanzeleka ukuba bathathe; Ukwanda kokubakho kwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukubandakanyeka nokufunda.
Kuye kwaxelwa kwiincwadi ukuba kukho iingxaki ezinokubakho ngefomathi ye-FC. Ifomathi ye-FC ibandakanya abafundi abalungiselela ngaphambi kweklasi, rhoqo ngexesha labo. UZhuang et al. Kufunyaniswe ukuba indlela ye-FC ayifanelekanga kubo bonke abafundi njengoko ifuna inqanaba eliphezulu lokholo kunye nenkuthazo ukuze kugqitywe amalungiselelo. 27 Umntu angalindela ukuba abafundi bemisebenzi yezempilo baya kuba nenkuthazo enkulu, kodwa uPatanwala et al 28 bafumanise ukuba oku bekungenjalo njengoko abanye abafundi be-pharmacy therapy bebengenakukwazi ukuphonononga izinto ezirekhodiweyo kwangaphambili kwaye ngenxa yoko babengakulungelanga iincwadi zesikolo. . Nangona kunjalo, le khosi ifumanise ukuba uninzi lwabafundi bebandakanyeka, balungiselela, kwaye baya kwikhosi yobuso ngobuso benokuqonda okuhle kokuqala kwekhosi. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba abafundi bayalelwa ngokucacileyo ngabaphathi bekhosi kunye ne-VLE ukuba babukele ii-podcasts kunye neeslayidi zeentetho, ngelixa bebacebisa ukuba bajonge oku njengento ebalulekileyo yekhosi efunekayo. Izifundo kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngezandla nazo ziyasebenzisana kwaye ziyabanomdla, kwaye ootitshala bajonge phambili ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwabafundi. Abafundi bakhawuleza baqonde ukuba ukungalungiseleli kwabo kuyabonakala. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokuba yingxaki ukuba zonke izifundo zifundiswa ngale ndlela, njengoko abafundi besenokuxinezeleka kwaye bangabi naxesha laneleyo lokuphonononga zonke izixhobo zesifundo. Ezi zixhobo zokulungiselela ezingangqamananga kufuneka zakhiwe kwishedyuli yomfundi.
Ukuphuhlisa nokusebenzisa iingcamango zeFC ekufundiseni izifundo zemfundo, kufuneka koyiswe imingeni eliqela. Ngokucacileyo, ukurekhoda i-podcast kufuna ixesha elininzi lokulungiselela. Ukongeza, ukufunda isoftware nokuphuhlisa izakhono zokuhlela kuthatha ixesha elininzi.
Iiklasi eziguquliweyo zisombulula ingxaki yokwandisa ixesha lokunxibelelana kootitshala abanengxaki yexesha kwaye zivumela ukuphononongwa kweendlela ezintsha zokufundisa. Unxibelelwano luya lutshintshatshintsha, okwenza indawo yokufunda ibe ntle ngakumbi kubasebenzi nakubafundi, kwaye kutshintsha umbono oqhelekileyo wokuba izixhobo zamazinyo zizinto "ezomileyo". Abasebenzi kwiYunivesithi yase-Aberdeen Dental Institute basebenzise indlela ye-FC kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zempumelelo, kodwa ayikasetyenziswa ekufundiseni kuyo yonke ikharityhulam.
Njengakwezinye iindlela zokuqhuba iiseshoni, iingxaki ziyavela ukuba umququzeleli oyintloko akakho kwiintlanganiso zobuso ngobuso kwaye ngenxa yoko akakwazi ukufundisa iiseshoni, njengoko abaququzeleli bedlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yendlela yeFC. Ulwazi lomququzeleli weMfundo kufuneka lube kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ingxoxo ukuba iye nakweyiphi na indlela kwaye inzulu ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ukuze abafundi babone ukubaluleka kokulungiselela kunye nokubandakanyeka. Abafundi banoxanduva lokufunda kwabo, kodwa abacebisi kufuneka bakwazi ukuphendula nokuhlengahlengisa.
Izixhobo zokufundisa ezisesikweni zilungiselelwa kwangaphambili, oko kuthetha ukuba izifundo zilungele ukufundiswa nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwale ncwadi, ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID-19, le ndlela ivumela izifundo ukuba zihanjiswe kwi-intanethi kwaye yenza kube lula kubasebenzi ukuba basebenzele emakhaya, njengoko isakhelo sokufundisa sele sikhona. Ke ngoko, abafundi bavakalelwa kukuba ukufunda kwethiyori akuzange kuphazanyiswe njengoko izifundo ezikwi-intanethi zibonelelwe njengendlela eyamkelekileyo yokufundisa iiklasi zobuso ngobuso. Ukongeza, ezi zixhobo ziyafumaneka ukuze zisetyenziswe ngamaqela exesha elizayo. Izixhobo ziya kusafuneka zihlaziywe ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa ixesha lomqeqeshi liya kugcinwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekongeni iindleko zizonke ezilinganiswe neendleko zokuqala zotyalo-mali lwexesha.
Utshintsho oluvela kwiikhosi zezifundo zesintu ukuya ekufundiseni i-FC lubangele ukuba abafundi bafumane impendulo eyakhayo rhoqo, ngokusesikweni nangokungacwangciswanga. Oku kuhambelana nezinye iziphumo ezipapashwe ngaphambili. Kufuneka uphando olongezelelekileyo ukuze kubonwe ukuba uvavanyo olushwankathelayo lungaphuculwa na ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-FC.
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