Eli phepha lesikhundla lihlola utshintsho lwembali kunye neendlela ezikhoyo kwimfundo yamazinyo kunye nokusebenza kwaye lizama ukuqikelela ikamva. Imfundo yamazinyo kunye nokusebenza, ingakumbi emva kobhubhane we-COVID-19, ikwindawo enqamlezileyo. Ikamva libunjwe ngamandla amane asisiseko: ukunyuka kweendleko zemfundo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokhathalelo lwamazinyo, ukuhlanganiswa kokhathalelo lwamazinyo, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Imfundo yamazinyo ingabandakanya ukufunda okulungiselelwe umntu ngamnye, okusekelwe kubuchule, okungangqamananga, okuxutyiweyo, okujongene ubuso ngobuso kunye nokufunda okubonakalayo, okubonelela abafundi ngamanqaku amaninzi okuqala nokuphela. Ngokufanayo, iiofisi zamazinyo ziya kuba zii-hybrid, kunye nonyango lomntu kunye nolwe-intanethi olufumanekayo. Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa buya kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuxilongwa, unyango kunye nolawulo lweofisi.
“Imfundo yamazinyo kunye nokusebenza kusemngciphekweni” idla ngokukhankanywa kwiingxoxo zethu zobungcali. Le ngxelo inengqiqo ngakumbi ngoku kunangowe-1995 (1). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubudlelwane phakathi kwemfundo yamazinyo kunye nokusebenza njengoko zichaphazela omnye nomnye. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo imeko yangoku kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kweendlela ezihlala ixesha elide ezibumba ezi ndawo.
Imvelaphi yemfundo yamazinyo inokulandelwa kwimodeli esekwe kuqeqesho olungekho sesikweni apho lo msebenzi wawudluliselwa ukusuka komnye umntu osebenza ngamazinyo ukuya komnye. Ngokuvulwa kwesikolo sokuqala samazinyo eBaltimore ngo-1840, esi siko saguquka saba yinkqubo esekwe esikolweni esesikweni ngakumbi. Imfundo yamazinyo isandula ukwenzeka utshintsho olukhulu ukusuka kwimfundo esekwe kwindawo ukuya kwimfundo esasazwe kusetyenziswa iindawo ezininzi zeklinikhi kunye neemodeli ezixutyiweyo ezibandakanya zombini unxibelelwano olubonakalayo nolwenziwe ubuso ngobuso, oludityaniswe yimingeni ebangelwe lubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 olutshintshayo.
Kwiminyaka eli-183 ukusukela oko kwasekwa iBaltimore School of Dental Medicine, isikolo sokuqala samazinyo eMelika, imeko yemfundo yamazinyo itshintshe kakhulu. Imfundo yamazinyo itshintshe kakhulu ukusuka kwizikolo zabucala, ezenzelwe inzuzo, ezizimeleyo zobungcali ukuya kwizikolo zemfundo yezempilo ezisekelwe eyunivesithi, ezingenzi nzuzo. Inani lezikolo zamazinyo eMelika lafikelela kwincopho ngo-1900 laya kuma-57, lehla laya kuma-38 malunga no-1930 emva kokupapashwa kwengxelo yeGies (2), laza labuyela kwi-60 ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Emva kokuvalwa kwaza kwavulwa kwakhona ngeminyaka yoo-1980, inani lezikolo ngoku limi kuma-72, ubuncinane izikolo ezisixhenxe ezicetywayo ukuvulwa kwiminyaka emi-2-3 ezayo (3).
Kwangaxeshanye, amacandelo okufundisa amazinyo aya eba nzima ngakumbi. Ekuqaleni, umfundi omnye, utitshala omnye, isigulana esinye kunye nendawo enye yomzimba ziya kwanela. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka eli-183 edlulileyo, izifundo, iikliniki, iindawo zangaphambi kweklinikhi, amagumbi okufundela, kunye neendawo zokulinganisa ziye zanda kwaye zahlukahluka. Umgangatho kunye nokwahluka kwefakhalthi, iinkqubo zovavanyo ezisesikweni, kunye namacandelo olawulo kunye nokuthobela amanqanaba amaninzi ayongezwa ukuphucula amava emfundo iyonke.
Ixabiso lemfundo yamazinyo nalo litshintshile kakhulu, nto leyo eyonyusa umthwalo wamatyala abafundi. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, kufuneka uqeqesho olusemthethweni oluvela kugqirha wamazinyo, kwaye emva kweminyaka eli-1-2, abafundi banokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Ulawulo lwendlela yokusebenza kwamazinyo e-United States ekuqaleni lwalungahambelani, i-Alabama yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukuyilawula ngo-1841. Ngo-1910, ilayisenisi karhulumente yaba yimfuneko kuwo onke amazwe. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, imali yokufunda yayixabisa malunga ne-$100, imali eninzi kakhulu. Ngokuvulwa kwesikolo sokuqala samazinyo ngo-1840, imali yokufunda ukusuka kwi-$100 ukuya kwi-$200 yaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-140 (1880 ukuya ku-2020), imali yokufunda kwisikolo samazinyo esiqhelekileyo e-United States inyuke amaxesha angama-555, idlula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngamaxesha angama-25 (4). Ngo-2023, amatyala aphakathi kwabafundi abasandula kugqiba kwisikolo samazinyo aya kuba yi-$280,700 (5).
Imbali eneenkalo ezininzi zonyango lwamazinyo isasazeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango, nganye isenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwixesha layo elibanzi (Umfanekiso 1). La manqanaba aquka unyango lwamazinyo olukhuphayo, oluluhlobo lokuqala lonyango; unyango lwamazinyo olubuyiselayo nolunye, olwaqala ngo-1728 ngexesha likaPierre Fauchard, oluthathwa ngabaninzi njengo "tata wonyango lwamazinyo", olusekelwe kunyango lwamazinyo oluthintelayo, olwaqala ngo-1945. Ukuxilongwa; Unyango lwamazinyo olusekelwe kunyango lwamazinyo lwavela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokucoca amanzi, xa amathe, ulwelo lomlomo kunye nezicubu zaba sisitshixo sokufumanisa izifo zasekuhlaleni nezenkqubo. Unyango oluguqukayo ngoku luphuhliswa olubonelela ngempilo yomlomo olusekelwe ekuvuseleleni nasekulawuleni i-microbiome, luvula indlela yekamva lonyango lwamazinyo. Umbuzo ophambili kukuba iya kuba yintoni inxalenye yezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zonyango lwamazinyo kwixesha elizayo.
Umfanekiso 1. Amanqanaba embali yonyango lwamazinyo. Icatshulwe kwi-Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dental History ngu-Andrew Spielman. https://historyofdentistryandmedicine.com/a-timeline-of-the-history-of-dentistry/. Ishicilelwe kwakhona ngemvume.
Olu tshintsho lutshintshe indlela yokusebenza kwamazinyo ukusuka ekugxileni kuphela koomatshini (ukukhupha, ukutshintshwa kunye nokubuyisela amazinyo) ukuya kweyona ilawulwa ziinkalo zeekhemikhali kunye nezebhayoloji (ukuthintela amazinyo) kwaye ngoku ingena kwicandelo lempilo yomlomo wemolekyuli (ukuvuselela amazinyo). ). kwaye isekelwe kwi-microbiome manipulations).
Olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenzeka kwimbali yonyango lwamazinyo: ukusuka kwindlela eqhelekileyo ukuya kunyango lwamazinyo (kuyo yonke imbali yayo) ukuya kwindlela ekhethekileyo (eqale malunga nowe-1920) ephawulwe bubunye bobuchwephesha bamazinyo. Unyango lwamazinyo lusiya kwiindlela zokhathalelo ezenzelwe wena ezibonisa indlela ebuthathaka neyobuqu kwimpilo yomlomo.
Kwangaxeshanye, iindlela zokuqala zonyango lwamazinyo zatshintsha ukusuka koogqirha bamazinyo abahambahambayo ababonelela ngeenkonzo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (uninzi lwamazinyo ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-19) ukuya kwimodeli engapheliyo yokhathalelo lwamazinyo (kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku). Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, ngokufika konyango lwe-teledentistry, kwavela uhlobo oluxubeneyo lokunikezelwa kokhathalelo lwamazinyo oludibanisa iinkonzo zendabuko zobuso ngobuso kunye nokusebenzisana kwedijithali okukude, ngaloo ndlela kwatshintsha indlela yokunikezelwa kokhathalelo lwamazinyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, imeko yeendawo zokusebenzela amazinyo nayo itshintshe kakhulu, ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenzela amazinyo yabucala (kwinkulungwane ye-19 neye-20) ukuya kwindawo yokusebenzela yamaqela ephethwe ngogqirha wamazinyo omnye okanye ngaphezulu (ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1970). Utshintsho luye kwinkampani ephethwe yinkampani yamazinyo (i-DSO) (ikakhulu kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo). Le ndlela imangalisayo yakutshanje, ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaphumeleleyo abaselula, igxininisa utshintsho lwezakhiwo zabanikezeli bamazinyo kunye nendlela yokudibanisa indawo yokusebenzela amazinyo efana neyokusebenza kwezonyango kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Ulwakhiwo lobunini beendawo zokusebenzela amazinyo ngabanye lutshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka eli-16 edlulileyo. Phakathi kwabo baneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu, ubunini bomntu bomsebenzi wamazinyo behle kancinci nge-1%, ngelixa phakathi kwabo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala ukwehla bekubaluleke kakhulu, kufikelela kwi-15% (6). Uphando lweKlasi ka-2023 lufumanise ukuba ama-34% abaphumeleleyo abaceba ukungena kwindawo yokusebenzela yabucala emva kokugqiba babecinga ngokujoyina i-DSO, inani eliphindwe kabini kwiminyaka emihlanu kuphela (5). Olu tshintsho lubonisa umahluko phakathi kwezizukulwana kwiimodeli zobunini ezithandwa ziingcali zamazinyo ezisencinci ngenxa yeengozi eziphezulu, imithwalo yolawulo kunye neendleko zokuqhuba ishishini elizimeleyo. Ukuhlanganiswa kweshishini lamazinyo kukwayicel’ umngeni inkululeko yemveli yabasebenzi bamazinyo.
Ulawulo lwamazinyo kunye nokongamela eMelika kuye kwatshintsha ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Ngexesha lobukoloniyali, ukongamela bekungasekho. Ngo-1923, olu lwakhiwo lwalukhule lwaba zizikhungo ezine (Umzobo 2). Kwiminyaka eli-100 eyalandelayo, imeko-bume yokulawula yanda kakhulu, kwaye amandla okongamela anda ukuya kutsho ubuncinane kuma-arhente angama-45 karhulumente, karhulumente, nawasekuhlaleni, iikomishini, kunye namasebe alawulayo. Le nkqubela ibonisa ukwanda okukhulu kobunzima kunye nokwahlukahluka kweziseko zolawulo kunye nomthwalo wolawulo lwemisebenzi yamazinyo kunye nemfundo eMelika.
Amandla amane anamandla anzima kwimfundo yemveli yamazinyo kunye nokusebenza. Oku kuquka iindleko zemfundo, uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe olufana ne-virtual kunye ne-augmented reality, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, i-teledentistry, unyango lwamazinyo "olungangenisi", oko kukuthi, unyango olungangenisi oluqhutywa ngababoneleli abaninzi abakwinqanaba eliphakathi kwanoluntu, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweenkonzo zamazinyo.
Eyokuqala ichaphazela imfundo, eyesithathu neyesine ichaphazela indlela yokusebenza, kwaye eyesibini ichaphazela zombini. Ezi ndawo zixutyushwa ngokufutshane ngezantsi kwaye zivula ingxoxo malunga nokuba imfundo yamazinyo kunye nendlela yokusebenza ingajoliswa phi.
Nangona sixoxe ngokufutshane ngeendleko zemfundo zangoku, kufanelekile ukujonga nzulu imfuneko yokujongana neendleko zexesha elizayo eziya kunyanzela izikolo ukuba zenze uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo. Ngokukodwa, kuya kubakho imfuneko ekhulayo yokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza kunye neefizi zezifundo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezingabizi kakhulu. Eyona ndlela ithembisayo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe okunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zizonke zokubonelela ngemfundo.
Ixabiso lesikolo samazinyo lixhomekeke kakhulu kwimivuzo yabasebenzi bezonyango, abasebenzi bolawulo, kunye neendleko zokusebenza, kubandakanya neendleko ezinxulumene neklinikhi. Amava akutshanje ngobhubhane we-COVID-19 abonise amandla okuqhubeka nemfundo yamazinyo esemgangathweni ophezulu ekude nokuba iiofisi zamazinyo zomzimba zivaliwe. Oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhambisa izifundo ezininzi ngedijithali, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa isidingo sokuba ootitshala basebenzise izixhobo ezabelwana ngazo. Olu tshintsho lunokuvula indlela yokuba amaziko amaninzi amazinyo abelane ngekharityhulam kunye nabafundisi bezonyango abakude kwixesha elizayo, kususwe isidingo sokuba ngumnini kwaye okunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwiindleko zolawulo kunye nemivuzo yabasebenzi bezonyango.
Ukongeza, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-virtual reality (VR) kunye ne-augmented reality (AR) simulations kwimfundo yangaphambi kweklinikhi engahambelaniyo yinyathelo elitshintshayo. Olu tshintsho lunokwenza impendulo kunye nokufezekiswa kwezakhono zomntu ngamnye ngesantya esahlukileyo, okukhumbuza iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya ezisebenzisa ii-simulators ukuphuhlisa izakhono. Le ndlela inamandla okuguqula imfundo yamazinyo yangaphambi kweklinikhi ngokudala indawo yokufunda esebenza kakuhle nesemgangathweni.
I-VR ngoku isetyenziswa kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye namazinyo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo. I-HoloAnatomy, eyenziwe yiCase Western Reserve University, ibonelela ngezakhono zokwenyani ezivuselelweyo ezivumela abafundi bezonyango ukuba basebenzisane neemodeli ze-holographic ze-3D ukuze bafunde ngokunzulu. Enye inkqubo, iTouchSurgery, inikezela nge-VR surgery simulator evumela iingcali zezempilo ukuba ziqhelise iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zotyando kwindawo yokwenyani ye-3D. I-Osso VR igxile kuqeqesho lotyando kwaye ibonelela ngendawo ebonakalayo apho iingcali zezempilo zinokuqhelisela utyando kwaye ziphucule izakhono zazo ngokulinganisa okungokoqobo. Okokugqibela, iVirti inikezela nge-VR kunye ne-AR simulations zoqeqesho lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Iingcali zezempilo zinokuqhelisela ukuphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zonyango kwiimeko zokwenyani.
Imizekelo eliqela yokusetyenziswa kwe-AI ibandakanya ukulinganisa izigulane ze-AI, ezivumela abafundi bamazinyo ukuba baziqhelanise neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwindawo ebonakalayo nekhuselekileyo ye-intanethi (7). Ezi zilinganiso zinokubandakanya iimeko zovavanyo lokuxilonga, izicwangciso zonyango, kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzayo.
a) Amaqonga okufunda ahambelanayo asebenzisa ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuze enze ngokwezifiso umxholo wemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinkqubela phambili, indlela yokufunda kunye nokusebenza kwabafundi ngabanye. La maqonga anokubonelela ngeemvavanyo ezenzelwe wena, iimodyuli ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nezixhobo ezijolise ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ezithile zokufunda.
b) Izixhobo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zinokuhlalutya imifanekiso yokuxilonga, njengee-x-ray okanye iifilimu zangaphakathi komlomo, kwaye zinike ingxelo ngokukhawuleza malunga nezakhono zabafundi zokutolika. Oku kunceda abafundi baphucule amandla abo okuxilonga izifo ezahlukeneyo zomlomo.
c) Usetyenziso lwe-intanethi kunye ne-augmented reality oluxhaswa bubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ludala amava okufunda anzulu. Abafundi banokufunda iimodeli ze-3D ezineenkcukacha ze-anatomy yamazinyo, basebenzisane nezigulana ezisebenza nge-intanethi, kwaye baqhelise iinkqubo zotyando kwindawo yeklinikhi eqikelelweyo.
d) Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa buxhasa ukufunda okukude ngokubonelela ngamaqonga okufundisa okukude. Abafundi banokuthatha inxaxheba kwiintetho ezikwi-intanethi, ii-webinars kunye neengxoxo zentsebenziswano. Iimpawu ze-AI zinokubandakanya ukuguqulelwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ii-chatbots ze-Q&A, kunye nohlalutyo lokubandakanyeka kwabafundi.
e) Iinkampani zetekhnoloji zisebenzisana nababoneleli bezempilo kunye neeyunivesithi ukubonelela ngomxholo wemfundo ngamaqonga abo. Lo mxholo ungabandakanya amanqaku, iividiyo, kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo ezigubungela izihloko ezahlukeneyo zamazinyo kunye nezonyango. Umzekelo, iCoursera inikezela ngeFrontiers in Dental Medicine and Dentistry evela kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, iDentistry 101 evela kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan, kunye neDental Materials evela kwiYunivesithi yaseHong Kong. I-MIT OpenCourseWare ibonelela ngokufikelela simahla kwiikhosi zeNeuroscience kunye nokunye.
f) Okokugqibela, iKhan Academy inikezela ngezifundo zamazinyo zasimahla ezigubungela izihloko ezifana nokwakheka komlomo, izixhobo zamazinyo, kunye nezifundo zesayensi ezisisiseko ezifundiswa zizikolo zonyango nezamazinyo.
Enye intsingiselo kukubonelela ngonyango lwamazinyo olusebenzisa i-intanethi, olungangenisi gazi. Unyango lwamazinyo olusebenzisa i-teledentistry luye lwaba lolunye uhlobo lonyango lwamazinyo olusetyenziswa rhoqo.
Njengoko uninzi lweendlela zokuthintela amazinyo zingasaphazamisi kangako, akukho mfuneko yokuba oogqirha bamazinyo benze onke amanyathelo akhoyo ngoku kwiiofisi zamazinyo. Abanye ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zempilo abafana neengcali zokucoca amazinyo, iingcali zokucoca amazinyo eziphucukileyo, iingcali zonyango lwamazinyo, abahlengikazi bamazinyo kwanootitshala, oogqirha, abahlengikazi kunye nabazali baya kukwazi ukubonelela ngononophelo olungaphazamisiyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba unyango lwamazinyo lungaphazamisi. Xa unyango lwamazinyo oluthintelayo (i-fluoride, izinto zokucoca amazinyo, izincamathelisi zamazinyo, izikhuseli zomlomo, kunye namayeza entlungu) lufika kwiishelufu zeevenkile ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwekhawuntara, ezinye iinkonzo zinokubonelelwa ngababoneleli abakwinqanaba eliphakathi kwanabo bangengabo iingcali.
Ekugqibeleni, ngumcimbi wexesha ngaphambi kokuba ukuzibandakanya kwehlabathi kunye nobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha be-teledentistry zidibane ukuze zibonelele ngonyango lwamazinyo olungangenisi gazi nangaliphi na ixesha, naphi na.
Enye into ebalulekileyo kwimfundo yamazinyo kunye nokhathalelo lwamazinyo kukubandakanyeka kwe-big tech kunye nokusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kwimfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwamazinyo. Iinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zihlala zisebenzisana nemibutho yezempilo, imibutho engenzi nzuzo, kunye namaziko emfundo ukukhuthaza amanyathelo emfundo yezonyango. Iinkampani ezininzi ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zinomdla wokusebenzisa amaqonga azo kunye nobuchwepheshe ukubonelela ngolwazi, izixhobo kunye nomxholo wemfundo onxulumene nempilo yomlomo kunye neyonke. Imizekelo ibandakanya:
a) Iinkampani zetekhnoloji ziphuhlisa kwaye zikhuthaza ii-apps kunye namaqonga anxulumene nempilo abonelela ngomxholo wemfundo ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Ezi apps zinokubonelela ngolwazi lwesondlo sokomelela komzimba, zilandelele ukusela amanzi, zikhumbuze abasebenzisi ukuba bahlambe amazinyo abo, zibonelele ngeengcebiso ngokubanzi zokugcina ucoceko lomlomo oluhle, kwaye zibonelele ngeengcebiso zamazinyo ezibonakalayo okanye iingcebiso zempilo yomlomo. Kwisifundo seMedline sika-2022, uThurzo et al. (8) bafumanise ukuba izifundo zamazinyo ezinxulumene nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ziquka i-radiology 26.36%, i-orthodontics 18.31%, umthamo oqhelekileyo 17.10%, i-prosthodontics 12.09%, utyando 11.87%, kunye nemfundo 5.63%.
b) Sebenzisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuphuhlisa abancedisi bezempilo ababonelela ngolwazi lwezempilo oluqondene nawe kunye neengcebiso. Izicelo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa eziphuhliswe ziinkampani zobuchwepheshe zibonisa ithemba lokuhlalutya imifanekiso yamazinyo kunye nokuxilongwa. Umzekelo, ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zinceda ukuhlalutya ii-radiographs zamazinyo ezifana nee-X-ray kunye nee-CBCT scans ukuchonga iimeko ezifana nokubola kwamazinyo, isifo se-periodontal kunye nokungaqhelekanga. Zikwaphucula ukucaca kwemifanekiso yamazinyo, zinceda oogqirha bamazinyo ukuba babone iinkcukacha ngokufanelekileyo kwaye benze ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo.
c) Ngokufanayo, ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zivavanya idatha yeklinikhi, kubandakanya ubunzulu bokuxilonga i-periodontal, ukudumba kwamazinyo (9) kunye nezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo, ukuxela kwangaphambili nokuxilonga isifo se-periodontal. Imodeli yovavanyo lomngcipheko oluqhutywa yi-AI ihlalutya idatha yesigulana, kubandakanya imbali yezonyango, izinto zendlela yokuphila kunye neziphumo zeklinikhi, ukuxela kwangaphambili umngcipheko wokufumana izifo ezithile zomlomo. Okwangoku, iimodeli zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zifuna uphuhliso olongezelelweyo ukuze kuchongwe ukulahleka kwamathambo e-periodontal (10).
d) Enye into enokwenzeka kukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zonyango kwi-orthodontics kunye notyando lwe-orthognathic (11) ukulandelela intshukumo yamazinyo kunye nokwakha kwakhona iimodeli zedijithali ze-3D (12) ukunceda ukuqikelela intshukumo yamazinyo kunye nokuphucula ucwangciso lwe-orthodontic lwentshukumo yamazinyo. utyando (13).
e) Iinkqubo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zihlalutya imifanekiso efunyenwe kusetyenziswa iikhamera zangaphakathi komlomo okanye ezinye izixhobo zokuthatha imifanekiso ukuze kuchongwe izinto ezingaqhelekanga okanye iimpawu ezinokubakho zomhlaza womlomo (14). Ii-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ziqeqeshwe ukuchonga nokwahlulahlula izilonda zomlomo, kuquka izilonda, iiplaque ezimhlophe okanye ezibomvu, kunye nezilonda ezinobungozi (14, 15). Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bulungile ekuxilongeni, kodwa xa kufikwa ekwenzeni izigqibo zotyando, kufuneka uqaphele.
f) Kwi-dentistry yamazinyo yabantwana, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa busetyenziswa ukubona izilonda ezinobungozi, ukuphucula ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle kwemifanekiso yokuxilonga, ukuphucula ubuhle bonyango, ukulinganisa iziphumo, ukuqikelela izifo zomlomo, kunye nokukhuthaza impilo (16, 17).
g) Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa busetyenziswa ukulawula uqheliselo kunye nabancedisi abasebenzisa i-intanethi kunye nee-chatbots ezisebenzisa i-AI ukunceda ukucwangcisa amadinga kunye nokuphendula imibuzo esisiseko yesigulana. Itekhnoloji yokuqaphela intetho esebenzisa i-AI ivumela oogqirha bamazinyo ukuba balawule amanqaku eklinikhi, nto leyo enciphisa ixesha lokurekhoda. Ngokufanayo, i-AI iququzelela i-teledentistry ngokuvumela ukubonisana kude, ivumela oogqirha bamazinyo ukuba bahlole izigulana kwaye benze iingcebiso ngaphandle kwesidingo sotyelelo lobuqu.
Utshintsho kwimfundo yamazinyo lubandakanya utshintsho ukusuka kwimodeli ephakathi ukuya kwindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi neyobuchwephesha. Ukwahlukana kwemfundo yamazinyo kuyacaca njengoko kuqatshelwa ukuba ezinye iinkalo zokufunda zinokunikezelwa ngempumelelo kwi-intanethi kusetyenziswa iindlela zokulinganisa kunye nempendulo esekelwe kubukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Oku kuphambuka kwimodeli yesiqhelo kubeka umngeni kwimfuno yokubonelela ngemfundo yonke ngaxeshanye phantsi kophahla olunye.
Iphefumlelwe ngumzekelo woqeqesho lomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, umxholo wemfundo yamazinyo wexesha elizayo unokuthunyelwa kumaziko obuchwephesha akhethekileyo, ngendlela efanayo nendlela iisayithi zePrometric ezidlala ngayo kuvavanyo. Olu hlengahlengiso luthetha ukuba abafundi abasayi kuphinda baqale baze bagqibe uhambo lwabo lwemfundo ngeqela elimiselweyo "labafunda nabo." Endaweni yoko, ishedyuli eyenzelwe wena iya kuphuhliswa ngokusekelwe ekufezekisweni kwezakhono ezithile. Ezi zakhono ziya kuba zezesigulane kunokuba zigxile kubafundi kwaye ziya kuba zezexesha, njengoko zinjalo ngoku.
Nangona imfundo yeklinikhi isafuna amava okusebenza, ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lweqela alusafuneki. Abafundi banokuzibandakanya kwezi nkalo zokusebenza ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwiindawo ezininzi zeklinikhi, nakumaqela ahlukeneyo. Imfundo ye-intanethi iya kulawula izinto ezifundiswayo nezangaphambi kweklinikhi, igxininisa ukuguquguquka ngokufunda okuhambelanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, icandelo leklinikhi liya kuba nefomathi exutyiweyo, edibanisa amava obuqu nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Indlela le modeli yemfundo eyenzelwe wena, edibanisayo, ehambelanayo nengahambelaniyo ngayo izisa iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kubafundi. Kwangaxeshanye, inceda ekunciphiseni iindima zemveli zabaqeqeshi besikolo samazinyo, abasebenzi, kunye nabalawuli kwaye ivavanye kwakhona indawo ebonakalayo efunekayo. Ke ngoko, ikamva lemfundo yamazinyo liya kusekelwa kwimodeli enamandla nesebenzayo ehambelana neemfuno ezitshintshayo zabafundi kunye neshishini.
Le modeli icetywayo yindlela enye kuphela yokufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kwimfundo yamazinyo; uhlalutyo olupheleleyo kufuneka lubandakanye iindleko zizonke kunye nobude bemfundo yasekholejini kunye neyamazinyo. Ukunciphisa ixesha lemfundo yehlabathi lonke kunokunciphisa iindleko ezinokubakho. Umzekelo, indlela ekhoyo yokwamkela abafundi emva konyaka wokuqala wekholeji kwinxalenye encinci yabafundi inokuba negalelo koku kwehla. Ukongeza, ubude bemfundo yamazinyo bungancitshiswa ngokwenza ezinye izifundo zesayensi ezisisiseko zibe yimfuneko. Enye indlela yokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukonga ixesha, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko kukudibanisa i-DDS nemfundo yesidanga sokuqala.
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, icandelo lezempilo libone ukwanda kokudibana nokuthengwa kweinshurensi yezempilo, iinkonzo zonyango, iivenkile ezinkulu kunye neekhemesti. Le ndlela ikhokelele ekuveleni "kweeklinikhi ezincinci," ezibonelela ngonyango olupheleleyo lokuthintela kwiindawo ezininzi. Abathengisi abakhulu abafana neWalmart kunye neCVS bafake ubugqirha bamazinyo kwezi kliniki, beqesha iingcali ukuba zibonelele ngonyango olulula lotyando kunye nokuthintela, becela umngeni kwiimodeli zemveli zokubuyisela imali.
Ukudibanisa iinkonzo zamazinyo kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo ebanzi kunokutshintsha indlela yokufikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokhathalelo lwempilo ezipheleleyo, kubandakanya unyango lokuthintela ngokubanzi, ugonyo, amayeza kagqirha, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo yomlomo, ngexabiso eliphantsi. Imisebenzi elungelelanisiweyo ifikelela kwiinkqubo zokuhlawula kunye nokuhlanganiswa kolwazi lwesigulana phakathi kwababoneleli bezempilo.
Ezi kliniki ziguqula impilo zigxininisa ukuthintela kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo olupheleleyo, ingakumbi njengoko imbuyekezo yeinshorensi itshintshela kuvavanyo olusekelwe kwiziphumo, itshintsha indlela yokhathalelo lwempilo kwaye ikhuthaza indlela epheleleyo yokuphila kakuhle kwesigulana. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuhlanganiswa kokhathalelo lwamazinyo kunye nokukhula kweendawo ezincinci kunokuguqula oogqirha bamazinyo babe ngabasebenzi kunokuba babe ngabanini beendawo ezizimeleyo.
Njengoko inani labantu abadala lisanda kakhulu, kuza kubakho enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ezijongene nonyango lwamazinyo. Ukuba uthelekisa inani labantu baseMelika abazizigidi ezingama-57 abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu ngo-2022, inani labantu baseMelika abakwiqela elifanayo kulindeleke ukuba lifikelele kwizigidi ezingama-80 ngo-2050, ngokutsho kwe-US Census Bureau. Oku kufana nokwanda kwenani labantu abadala phakathi kwe-5% yabantu baseMelika (18). Njengoko amanani abantu etshintsha, kulindeleke ukuba inani elipheleleyo lezilonda zomlomo kubantu abadala linyuke. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho isidingo esikhulayo seenkonzo zamazinyo ezijongana ngqo neemfuno ezizodwa zempilo yomlomo zabantu abadala (19, 20).
Belindele inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, oogqirha bamazinyo bexesha elizayo kulindeleke ukuba banikezele ngeenkqubo zonyango ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa iinkonzo ezikude kunye nokudibanisa unyango olukude kunye nonxibelelwano lobuso ngobuso. Utshintsho olubonakalayo kwindlela yonyango lubonisa utshintsho oluya kunyango lwebhayoloji, lwemolekyuli, nolwenzelwe umntu ngamnye (Umfanekiso 1). Olu tshintsho lufuna iingcali zezempilo ukuba zandise ulwazi lwazo lwebhayoloji kwaye zibandakanyeke ngokunzulu kwinkqubela phambili yesayensi.
Le meko itshintshayo ithembisa ukwenza kube lula ukuphuhliswa kweenkonzo ezithile zamazinyo, apho iingcali zonyango lwe-endodontist, iingcali ze-periodontists, iingcali zezifo zomlomo, iingcali zamazinyo kunye noogqirha bomlomo bakhokela indlela yokwamkelwa konyango lwamazinyo oluvuselelayo. Olu tshintsho luhambelana nomkhwa obanzi ojolise kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo nezilungiselelwe wena zokhathalelo lomlomo.
Akukho mntu une-crystal ball yokuqikelela ikamva. Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo oluvela kwiindleko zemfundo, ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji luya kwanda kwiminyaka ezayo, lubonelele ngezinye iindlela ezingabizi kwaye zisebenzayo kunemodeli yangoku yemfundo yamazinyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukungabikho komthetho kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunyango lwamazinyo kuya kubonelela ngamathuba asebenzayo, angabizi kakhulu kwaye abanzi okuthintela nokunyamekela.
Izinto zokuqala ezivezwe kolu phando zifakiwe kwinqaku/kwizinto ezongezelelweyo, imibuzo engaphezulu ingathunyelwa kumbhali ohambelanayo.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-05-2024