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Ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kwezonyango (AI) kukhula ngokukhawuleza, kodwa iikharityhulam zezikolo zonyango ezikhoyo zibonelela ngemfundo encinci egubungela le ndawo. Apha sichaza ikhosi yoqeqesho lobukrelekrele bokwenziwa esiyiphuhlisileyo saza sayinika abafundi bezonyango baseKhanada kwaye senza iingcebiso zoqeqesho lwexesha elizayo.
Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI) kwezonyango bunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle emsebenzini kwaye buncede ekwenzeni izigqibo zeklinikhi. Ukuze bakhokele ngokukhuselekileyo ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, oogqirha kufuneka babe nokuqonda okuthile kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Amagqabaza amaninzi akhuthaza ukufundiswa kweengcamango ze-AI1, njengokuchaza iimodeli ze-AI kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa2. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa izicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo eziye zaphunyezwa, ngakumbi kwinqanaba likazwelonke. UPinto dos Santos et al.3. Abafundi bezonyango abangama-263 baphandwe kwaye ama-71% avumile ukuba bafuna uqeqesho kubukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Ukufundisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kubaphulaphuli bezonyango kufuna uyilo olucokisekileyo oludibanisa iingcamango zobugcisa kunye nezingezizo zobugcisa kubafundi abasoloko benolwazi olubanzi lwangaphambili. Sichaza amava ethu okuhambisa uthotho lweeworkshops ze-AI kumaqela amathathu abafundi bezonyango kwaye senze iingcebiso zemfundo yezonyango yexesha elizayo kwi-AI.
Iworkshop yethu yeeveki ezintlanu yokwazisa ngeNgcali yoBugcisa boBugcisa kwiNyango yabafundi bezonyango ibanjwe kathathu phakathi koFebruwari 2019 no-Epreli 2021. Ishedyuli yeworkshop nganye, enenkcazo emfutshane yotshintsho kwikhosi, iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ikhosi yethu ineenjongo ezintathu eziphambili zokufunda: abafundi bayaqonda indlela idatha ecutshungulwa ngayo kwizicelo zobugcisa bokwenziwa, bahlalutye uncwadi lobugcisa bokwenziwa kwizicelo zeklinikhi, kwaye basebenzise amathuba okusebenzisana neenjineli eziphuhlisa ubugcisa bokwenziwa.
Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sisihloko sentetho kwaye umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lixesha lemibuzo neempendulo ezisebenzisanayo. Icandelo elingwevu ligxininiso lophononongo olufutshane loncwadi. Amacandelo anombala o-orenji zizifundo zeemeko ezikhethiweyo ezichaza iimodeli okanye iindlela zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Umbala oluhlaza yikhosi yenkqubo ekhokelwayo eyenzelwe ukufundisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukusombulula iingxaki zeklinikhi kunye nokuvavanya iimodeli. Umxholo kunye nobude bexesha leeworkshops ziyahluka ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lweemfuno zabafundi.
Iworkshop yokuqala ibanjelwe kwiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia ukususela ngoFebruwari ukuya ku-Epreli 2019, kwaye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abasi-8 banike ingxelo eyakhayo4. Ngenxa ye-COVID-19, iworkshop yesibini ibanjwe ngekhompyutha ngo-Okthobha-Novemba 2020, apho abafundi bezonyango abangama-222 kunye nabahlali aba-3 abavela kwizikolo zonyango ezisi-8 zaseKhanada babhalise khona. Iislayidi zentetho kunye nekhowudi zilayishiwe kwindawo yokufikelela evulekileyo (http://ubcaimed.github.io). Ingxelo ephambili evela kwinguqulelo yokuqala yayikukuba iintetho bezinzima kakhulu kwaye umxholo wawunengcamango kakhulu. Ukukhonza iindawo zexesha ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo zaseKhanada kuvelisa imingeni eyongezelelweyo. Ke ngoko, iworkshop yesibini yanciphisa iseshoni nganye ukuya kwiyure e-1, yenza lula umxholo wekhosi, yongeza ezinye izifundo zetyala, kwaye yadala iinkqubo ze-boilerplate ezivumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bagqibezele iziqwenga zekhowudi ngokulungiswa okuncinci (Ibhokisi 1). Ingxelo ephambili evela kwinguqulelo yesibini ibandakanya ingxelo eyakhayo kwimisebenzi yokucwangcisa kunye nesicelo sokubonisa ucwangciso lweprojekthi yokufunda komatshini. Ke ngoko, kwiworkshop yethu yesithathu, ebibanjelwe abafundi bezonyango abayi-126 ngoMatshi-Epreli 2021, siquke imisebenzi yokubhala ikhowudi esebenzisana ngakumbi kunye neeseshoni zempendulo yeprojekthi ukubonisa impembelelo yokusebenzisa iingcamango zeworkshop kwiiprojekthi.
Uhlalutyo lweDatha: Intsimi yesifundo kwizibalo echonga iipateni ezinentsingiselo kwidatha ngokuhlalutya, ukucubungula, kunye nokunxibelelana ngeepateni zedatha.
Ukwembiwa kwedatha: inkqubo yokuchonga nokukhupha idatha. Kwimeko yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, oku kudla ngokuba kukhulu, kuneenguqu ezininzi kwisampulu nganye.
Ukunciphisa ubukhulu: Inkqubo yokuguqula idatha eneempawu ezininzi ezizodwa ibe ziimpawu ezimbalwa ngelixa kugcinwa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zeseti yedatha yokuqala.
Iimpawu (kwimeko yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa): iipropati ezilinganiswayo zesampulu. Zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi “ipropati” okanye “inguqu”.
Imephu Yokusebenza Kwegradient: Indlela esetyenziselwa ukutolika iimodeli zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (ingakumbi iinethiwekhi ze-neural eziguquguqukayo), ezihlalutya inkqubo yokwenza ngcono inxalenye yokugqibela yenethiwekhi ukuze kuchongwe iindawo zedatha okanye imifanekiso ezinokuqikelela kakhulu.
Imodeli Eqhelekileyo: Imodeli ye-AI ekhoyo esele iqeqeshwe kwangaphambili ukwenza imisebenzi efanayo.
Uvavanyo (kwimeko yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa): ukujonga indlela imodeli eyenza ngayo umsebenzi isebenzisa idatha engazange ihlangane nayo ngaphambili.
Uqeqesho (kwimeko yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa): Ukubonelela ngemodeli enedatha kunye neziphumo ukuze imodeli ilungise iiparameter zayo zangaphakathi ukuze iphucule amandla ayo okwenza imisebenzi isebenzisa idatha entsha.
Ivektha: uluhlu lwedatha. Kwimfundo yomatshini, into nganye yoluhlu idla ngokuba luphawu olulodwa lwesampulu.
Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa iikhosi zamva nje zika-Epreli 2021, kuquka neenjongo zokufunda ezijolise kuzo zonke izihloko. Le workshop yenzelwe abo batsha kwinqanaba lobugcisa kwaye ayifuni naluphi na ulwazi lwezibalo ngaphaya konyaka wokuqala wesidanga sezonyango. Le khosi yaphuhliswa ngabafundi bezonyango aba-6 kunye nootitshala aba-3 abanezidanga eziphambili zobunjineli. Iinjineli ziphuhlisa ithiyori yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuze zifundise, kwaye abafundi bezonyango bafunda izinto ezifanelekileyo kwezonyango.
Iiworkshops ziquka iintetho, izifundo zeemeko, kunye nenkqubo ekhokelwayo. Kwintetho yokuqala, sihlola iingcamango ezikhethiweyo zohlalutyo lwedatha kwi-biostatistics, kubandakanya ukubona idatha, uhlengahlengiso lwezinto, kunye nothelekiso lwezibalo ezichazayo nezikhuthazayo. Nangona uhlalutyo lwedatha lusisiseko sobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, asizibandakanyi izihloko ezinje ngokuchithwa kwedatha, uvavanyo lokubaluleka, okanye ukubona okusebenzisanayo. Oku kwakubangelwa yimida yexesha kwaye kwanokuba abanye abafundi abasaqalayo babenoqeqesho lwangaphambili kwi-biostatistics kwaye babefuna ukugubungela izihloko zokufunda koomatshini ezizodwa. Intetho elandelayo iveza iindlela zanamhlanje kwaye ixoxa ngokwenziwa kweengxaki ze-AI, iingenelo kunye nemida yeemodeli ze-AI, kunye novavanyo lweemodeli. Ezi ntetho zincediswa luncwadi kunye nophando olusebenzayo kwizixhobo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ezikhoyo. Sigxininisa izakhono ezifunekayo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwenzeka kwemodeli ukujongana nemibuzo yeklinikhi, kubandakanya ukuqonda imida yezixhobo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ezikhoyo. Umzekelo, sicele abafundi ukuba batolike izikhokelo zokulimala kwentloko yabantwana ezicetyiswe nguKupperman et al., 5 ezasebenzisa i-algorithm yomthi wesigqibo sobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukumisela ukuba i-CT scan ingaba luncedo ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lukagqirha. Sigxininisa ukuba lo ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo we-AI ebonelela ngohlalutyo lokuqikelela ukuba oogqirha bayitolike, endaweni yokutshintsha oogqirha.
Kwimizekelo yenkqubo ye-bootstrap evulelekileyo ekhoyo (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), sibonisa indlela yokwenza uhlalutyo lwedatha yokuhlola, ukunciphisa ubukhulu, ukulayisha imodeli eqhelekileyo, kunye noqeqesho kunye novavanyo. Sisebenzisa iincwadana ze-Google Colaboratory (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), ezivumela ikhowudi yePython ukuba yenziwe kwisiphequluli sewebhu. KuMfanekiso. Umfanekiso 2 ubonelela ngomzekelo womthambo wokwenza inkqubo. Lo mthambo ubandakanya ukuqikelela umhlaza kusetyenziswa iWisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 kunye ne-algorithm yomthi wesigqibo.
Bethula iinkqubo kulo lonke iveki ngezihloko ezinxulumene noko kwaye ukhethe imizekelo evela kwizicelo ze-AI ezipapashiweyo. Izinto zenkqubo zifakwa kuphela ukuba zithathwa njengezibalulekileyo ekunikeni ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kweklinikhi kwixesha elizayo, njengendlela yokuvavanya iimodeli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zikulungele na ukusetyenziswa kwizilingo zeklinikhi. Le mizekelo iphelela kwisicelo esipheleleyo esichaza iithumba njengezingenabungozi okanye ezinobungozi ngokusekelwe kwiiparameter zomfanekiso wezonyango.
Ukwahluka kolwazi lwangaphambili. Abathathi-nxaxheba bethu bahluke kwinqanaba labo lolwazi lwezibalo. Umzekelo, abafundi abanemvelaphi yobunjineli obuphambili bafuna izinto ezinzulu ngakumbi, ezinje ngendlela yokwenza utshintsho lwabo lweFourier. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxoxa nge-algorithm yeFourier eklasini akunakwenzeka kuba kufuna ulwazi olunzulu malunga nokucubungula isignali.
Ukuphuma kwabantu ababekho. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso ezilandelanayo kwehlile, ingakumbi kwiifomathi ze-intanethi. Isisombululo sinokuba kukulandelela ukubakho kwabafundi kunye nokubonelela ngesatifikethi sokugqiba. Izikolo zonyango zaziwa ngokuqaphela iirekhodi zemisebenzi yabafundi yangaphandle kwezemfundo, nto leyo enokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba balandele isidanga.
Uyilo lweKhosi: Ngenxa yokuba i-AI igubungela iindawo ezininzi ezincinci, ukukhetha iingcamango eziphambili zobunzulu nobubanzi obufanelekileyo kunokuba ngumceli mngeni. Umzekelo, ukuqhubeka kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-AI ukusuka kwilebhu ukuya kwikliniki sisihloko esibalulekileyo. Ngelixa sigubungela ukucubungula idatha kwangaphambili, ukwakhiwa kwemodeli, kunye nokuqinisekiswa, asibandakanyi izihloko ezifana nohlalutyo lwedatha enkulu, ukubona okusebenzisanayo, okanye ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zeklinikhi ze-AI, endaweni yoko sigxila kwiingcamango ze-AI ezikhethekileyo. Umgaqo wethu okhokelayo kukuphucula ukufunda nokubhala, hayi izakhono. Umzekelo, ukuqonda indlela imodeli esebenza ngayo iimpawu zokufaka kubalulekile ekutolikweni. Enye indlela yokwenza oku kukusebenzisa iimaphu zokuqalisa i-gradient, ezinokubona ukuba zeziphi iindawo zedatha ezinokuqikelelwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuna i-multivariate calculus kwaye ayinakwaziswa8. Ukuphuhlisa isigama esiqhelekileyo kwakunzima kuba sasizama ukuchaza indlela yokusebenza ngedatha njengeevektha ngaphandle kwe-formalism yemathematika. Qaphela ukuba amagama ahlukeneyo anentsingiselo efanayo, umzekelo, kwi-epidemiology, "uphawu" luchazwa njenge "variable" okanye "attribute."
Ukugcinwa kolwazi. Ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-AI kulinganiselwe, umlinganiselo abathatha inxaxheba abagcina ngawo ulwazi usabonakala. Iikharikhulamu zezikolo zonyango zihlala zixhomekeke ekuphindaphindweni kwezithuba ukuze ziqinise ulwazi ngexesha lokujikeleza okusebenzayo,9 okunokusetyenziswa nakwimfundo ye-AI.
Ubungcali bubaluleke ngakumbi kunokufunda nokubhala. Ubunzulu bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo buyilwe ngaphandle kobunzima bezibalo, nto leyo eyayiyingxaki xa kuqaliswa izifundo zeklinikhi zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Kwimizekelo yeenkqubo, sisebenzisa inkqubo yetemplate evumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bazalise amasimi kwaye basebenzise isoftware ngaphandle kokufumanisa indlela yokuseta imeko-bume epheleleyo yeenkqubo.
Iinkxalabo malunga nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa zijongiwe: Kukho inkxalabo ebanzi yokuba ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bungathatha indawo yemisebenzi ethile yeklinikhi3. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, sichaza imida ye-AI, kubandakanya nenyaniso yokuba phantse zonke iiteknoloji ze-AI ezivunyiweyo ngabalawuli zifuna ukujongwa ngogqirha11. Sikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokukhetha kuba ii-algorithms zinokhetho, ingakumbi ukuba iseti yedatha ayifani.12 Ngenxa yoko, iqela elithile linokuthi lisetyenziswe ngendlela engalunganga, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo zeklinikhi ezingafanelekanga.
Izixhobo zifumaneka kuluntu: Sidale izixhobo ezifumaneka kuluntu, kuquka izilayidi zentetho kunye nekhowudi. Nangona ukufikelela kumxholo ohambelanayo kunqongophele ngenxa yeendawo zexesha, umxholo ovulelekileyo yindlela elula yokufunda ngendlela ehambelanayo kuba ubuchule be-AI abufumaneki kuzo zonke izikolo zonyango.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo: Le workshop yintsebenziswano eqalwe ngabafundi bezonyango ukucwangcisa izifundo kunye neenjineli. Oku kubonisa amathuba entsebenziswano kunye nezikhewu zolwazi kuzo zombini ezi ndawo, okuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqonde indima abanokuba negalelo kuyo kwixesha elizayo.
Chaza ubuchule obuphambili be-AI. Ukuchaza uluhlu lobuchule kubonelela ngesakhiwo esimiselweyo esinokudityaniswa kwiikharikhulamu zonyango ezikhoyo ezisekelwe kubuchule. Le workshop ngoku isebenzisa amanqanaba eNjongo yokuFunda 2 (Ukuqonda), 3 (Ukusetyenziswa), kunye no-4 (Uhlalutyo) lweTaxonomy kaBloom. Ukuba nezixhobo kumanqanaba aphezulu okwahlulahlula, njengokudala iiprojekthi, kunokuqinisa ulwazi ngakumbi. Oku kufuna ukusebenza neengcali zeklinikhi ukumisela indlela izihloko ze-AI ezingasetyenziswa ngayo kwimisebenzi yeklinikhi kunye nokuthintela ukufundiswa kwezihloko eziphindaphindwayo esele zibandakanyiwe kwiikharikhulamu zonyango eziqhelekileyo.
Yenza izifundo zeemeko usebenzisa i-AI. Njengemizekelo yezonyango, ukufunda okusekelwe kwiimeko kunokuqinisa iingcamango ezingacacanga ngokugqamisa ukubaluleka kwazo kwimibuzo yezonyango. Umzekelo, olunye uphando lweworkshop luhlalutye inkqubo ye-Google yokufumanisa i-diabetic retinopathy esekwe kwi-AI 13 ukuze kuchongwe imingeni endleleni ukusuka kwilabhoratri ukuya kwiklinikhi, njengeemfuno zokuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle kunye neendlela zokwamkelwa ngumthetho.
Sebenzisa ukufunda ngamava: Izakhono zobugcisa zifuna ukuziqhelanisa okugxileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphindaphindiweyo ukuze uqonde, okufana namava okufunda ajikelezayo abafundi bezonyango. Esinye isisombululo esinokwenzeka yimodeli yeklasi eguqulweyo, ebikwe ukuba iphucula ukugcinwa kolwazi kwimfundo yobunjineli14. Kule modeli, abafundi bahlaziya izixhobo zethiyori ngokuzimeleyo kwaye ixesha leklasi linikezelwe ekusombululeni iingxaki ngezifundo zetyala.
Ukwandisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo: Sicinga ngokwamkelwa kwe-AI okubandakanya intsebenziswano kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka oogqirha kunye neengcali zempilo ezihlangeneyo ezinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo oqeqesho. Ke ngoko, iikharityhulam zinokufuna ukuphuhliswa ngokubonisana neengcali ezivela kumasebe ahlukeneyo ukuze zilungelelanise umxholo wazo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokhathalelo lwempilo.
Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwaye iingcamango zalo eziphambili zinxulumene nezibalo kunye nesayensi yekhompyutha. Ukuqeqesha abasebenzi bezempilo ukuqonda ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kuzisa imingeni ekhethekileyo ekukhetheni umxholo, ukubaluleka kweklinikhi, kunye neendlela zokuhambisa. Siyathemba ukuba ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiiworkshops ze-AI kwiMfundo luya kunceda ootitshala bexesha elizayo ukuba bamkele iindlela ezintsha zokudibanisa i-AI kwimfundo yezonyango.
Iskripthi seGoogle Colaboratory Python sivulelekile kwaye sifumaneka apha: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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USelvaraju, RR et al. I-Grad-cam: Ukutolikwa okubonakalayo kwenethiwekhi ezinzulu ngokusebenzisa indawo esekelwe kwi-gradient. Iingxelo zeNgqungquthela yeHlabathi ye-IEEE kwi-Computer Vision, 618–626 (2017).
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Ababhali bayabulela uDanielle Walker, uTim Salcudin, kunye noPeter Zandstra abavela kwiCandelo loPhando lwe-Biomedical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence kwiYunivesithi yaseBritish Columbia ngenkxaso kunye nenkxaso-mali.
I-RH, i-PP, i-ZH, i-RS kunye ne-MA zazinoxanduva lokuphuhlisa umxholo wokufundisa kwi-workshop. I-RH kunye ne-PP zazinoxanduva lokuphuhlisa imizekelo yenkqubo. I-KYF, i-OY, i-MT kunye ne-PW zazinoxanduva lokulungiselela ucwangciso lweprojekthi kunye nohlalutyo lwee-workshop. I-RH, i-OY, i-MT, i-RS yayinoxanduva lokudala imifanekiso kunye neetafile. I-RH, i-KYF, i-PP, i-ZH, i-OY, i-MY, i-PW, i-TL, i-MA, i-RS yayinoxanduva lokubhala nokuhlela uxwebhu.
I-Communication Medicine ibulela uCarolyn McGregor, uFabio Moraes, kunye no-Aditya Borakati ngegalelo labo ekuphononongweni kwalo msebenzi.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-19-2024