Ukuvavanywa kwekharityhulam kunye ne-faculty kubalulekile kuwo onke amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, kubandakanywa nezikolo zonyango.Uvandlakanyo lokufundisa lwabafundi (SET) ludla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwekhweshine, kwaye nangona yayiphuhliselwe ekuqaleni ukuhlola iikhosi kunye neenkqubo, ekuhambeni kwexesha ziye zasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa impumelelo yokufundisa kwaye emva koko kwenziwa izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nokufundisa.Uphuhliso lobungcali lootitshala.Nangona kunjalo, imiba ethile kunye nokuthambekela okunokuchaphazela amanqaku e-SET kwaye impumelelo yokufundisa ayinakulinganiswa ngokufanelekileyo.Nangona uncwadi lwekhosi kunye novavanyo lwefaculty kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi lusekwe kakuhle, kukho iinkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanayo ukuvavanya izifundo kunye nobuchule kwiinkqubo zonyango.Ngokukodwa, i-SET kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi ayinakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kuyilo lwekharityhulam nokuphunyezwa kwizikolo zonyango.Olu hlaziyo lubonelela ngombono wendlela i-SET inokuphuculwa ngayo kwisixhobo, ulawulo, kunye namanqanaba okutolika.Ukongezelela, eli nqaku libonisa ukuba ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokuphononongwa koontanga, amaqela agxininisekileyo, kunye nokuzivavanya ukuqokelela kunye nokulinganisa idatha evela kwimithombo emininzi, kubandakanywa nabafundi, oontanga, abaphathi beprogram, kunye nokuziqonda, inkqubo yokuhlola ebanzi ingakwazi. zakhiwe.Ukulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo impumelelo yokufundisa, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lobungcali lwabafundisi-ntsapho bezonyango, nokuphucula umgangatho wokufundisa kwimfundo yezonyango.
Ikhosi kunye novavanyo lweprogram yinkqubo yokulawula umgangatho wangaphakathi kuwo onke amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, kubandakanywa nezikolo zonyango.UVavanyo loMfundi lokuFundisa (SET) ludla ngokuthatha imo yephepha elingaziwa okanye ikhweshine ye-intanethi kusetyenziswa isikali sokukala esifana nesikali se-Likert (ngokuqhelekileyo ezintlanu, ezisixhenxe okanye ngaphezulu) ezivumela abantu ukuba babonise imvumelwano yabo okanye iqondo lesivumelwano.Andivumelani neengxelo ezithile) [1,2,3].Nangona ii-SETs zaphuhliswa ekuqaleni ukuvavanya izifundo kunye neenkqubo, ekuhambeni kwexesha ziye zasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa impumelelo yokufundisa [4, 5, 6].Ukufundisa ngempumelelo kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo kuba kucingelwa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwempumelelo yokufundisa nokufunda kwabafundi [7].Nangona uncwadi aluchazi ngokucacileyo ukusebenza koqeqesho, ngokuqhelekileyo lucaciswa ngeempawu ezithile zoqeqesho, ezifana "nentsebenziswano yeqela", "ukulungiselela kunye nombutho", "impendulo kubafundi" [8].
Inkcazelo efunyenwe kwiSET inokunika inkcazelo eluncedo, njengokuba kukho imfuneko yokuhlengahlengisa izinto zokufundisa okanye iindlela zokufundisa ezisetyenziswa kwikhosi ethile.I-SET ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nophuhliso lootitshala emsebenzini [4,5,6].Nangona kunjalo, ukufaneleka kwale ndlela kuyathandabuzeka xa amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo enza izigqibo malunga ne-faculty, ezifana nokunyuselwa kwizikhundla eziphezulu zemfundo (ezidla ngokuhambelana nokunyuka kunye nokunyuswa kwemivuzo) kunye nezikhundla eziphambili zolawulo ngaphakathi kweziko [4, 9].Ukongeza, amaziko ahlala efuna i-faculty entsha ukuba ibandakanye ii-SETs ezisuka kumaziko angaphambili kwizicelo zabo zezikhundla ezitsha, ngaloo ndlela ziphembelela kungekuphela nje ukunyuswa kwefakhalthi ngaphakathi kwiziko, kodwa nabanokuba ngabaqeshi abatsha [10].
Nangona uncwadi lwekharityhulam kunye novavanyo lootitshala lusekwe kakuhle kwinkalo yemfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi, oku akunjalo kwintsimi yeyeza kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo [11].Ikharityhulam kunye neemfuno zabahlohli bezonyango zahlukile kwezo zemfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi.Ngokomzekelo, ukufunda kweqela kudla ngokusetyenziswa kwiikhosi ezidibeneyo zemfundo yezonyango.Oku kuthetha ukuba ikharityhulamu yesikolo sezonyango ibandakanya uthotho lwezifundo ezifundiswa liqela lamalungu e-faculty anoqeqesho kunye namava kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonyango.Nangona abafundi bexhamla kulwazi olunzulu lweengcali kwicandelo eliphantsi kwesi sakhiwo, bahlala bejongene nomngeni wokuziqhelanisa nezimbo zokufundisa zotitshala ngamnye [1, 12, 13, 14].
Nangona kukho iiyantlukwano phakathi kwemfundo ephakamileyo jikelele kunye nemfundo yezonyango, i-SET esetyenziswe ngaphambili ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwizifundo zonyango kunye nezempilo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuphumeza i-SET kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi kubangela imingeni emininzi ngokubhekiselele kwikharityhulam kunye novavanyo lwefakhalthi kwiinkqubo zeengcali zempilo [11].Ngokukodwa, ngenxa yeeyantlukwano kwiindlela zokufundisa kunye neziqinisekiso zootitshala, iziphumo zovavanyo lwezifundo zisenokungabandakanyi izimvo zabafundi zabo bonke ootitshala okanye iiklasi.Uphando olwenziwe ngu-Uytenhaage no-O'Neill (2015) [5] lucebisa ukuba ukucela abafundi ukuba bareyithe bonke abafundisi-ntsapho ngamnye ekupheleni kwekhosi kunokuba yinto engafanelekanga kuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba abafundi bakhumbule kwaye bahlomle kwiireyithingi ezininzi zootitshala.iindidi.Ukongeza, ootitshala abaninzi bemfundo yezonyango bangoogqirha kubo ukufundisa yinxalenye encinci yoxanduva lwabo [15, 16].Ngenxa yokuba bebandakanyeke ngokuyintloko ekunyamekeleni abaguli yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, besenza uphando, ngokufuthi badla ngokuba nexesha elincinane lokukhulisa ubuchule babo bokufundisa.Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha njengootitshala kufuneka bafumane ixesha, inkxaso, kunye nengxelo eyakhayo evela kwimibutho yabo [16].
Abafundi bezonyango badla ngokuba ngabantu abazimiseleyo nabasebenza nzima abathi baphumelele ukwamkelwa kwisikolo sobugqirha (ngenkqubo ekhuphisanayo nenyanzelisayo kumazwe ngamazwe).Ukongeza, ngexesha lesikolo sezonyango, abafundi bezonyango kulindeleke ukuba bafumane isixa esikhulu solwazi kwaye baphuhlise inani elikhulu lezakhono ngexesha elifutshane, kunye nokuphumelela kwiimvavanyo ezinzima zangaphakathi kunye nezibanzi zelizwe [17,18,19]. ,20].Ke ngoko, ngenxa yemigangatho ephezulu elindelekileyo kubafundi bezonyango, abafundi bezonyango banokugxeka kakhulu kwaye babe nolindelo oluphezulu lokufundisa okukumgangatho ophezulu kunabafundi bakwamanye amacandelo.Ngoko ke, abafundi bezonyango banokuba nemilinganiselo ephantsi evela kwiinjingalwazi zabo xa kuthelekiswa nabafundi abakwezinye iinkalo ngenxa yezizathu ezikhankanywe ngasentla.Okubangela umdla kukuba, izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwenkuthazo yabafundi kunye novavanyo lotitshala ngamnye [21].Ukongeza, kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, uninzi lwezifundo zesikolo sezonyango kwihlabathi liphela ziye zadityaniswa ngokuthe nkqo [22], ukuze abafundi bavezwe kuqeqesho lweklinikhi kwasekuqaleni kwenkqubo yabo.Ke, kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, oogqirha baye babandakanyeka kakhulu kwimfundo yabafundi bezonyango, bevuma, kwasekuqaleni kweenkqubo zabo, ukubaluleka kokuphuhlisa ii-SETs ezilungiselelwe abantu abathile befakhalthi [22].
Ngenxa yohlobo oluthile lwemfundo yezonyango ekhankanywe ngasentla, ii-SET ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iikhosi zemfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi ezifundiswa lilungu le-faculty enye kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ukuze zivavanye ikharityhulam edibeneyo kunye ne-clinical faculty yeenkqubo zonyango [14].Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko yokuphuhlisa iimodeli ze-SET ezisebenzayo ngakumbi kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo ezibanzi zokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwimfundo yezonyango.
Uphononongo lwangoku luchaza inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje ekusebenziseni i-SET kwimfundo ephakamileyo (ngokubanzi) kunye nemida yayo, kwaye emva koko ichaza iimfuno ezahlukeneyo ze-SET kwiikhosi zemfundo yezonyango kunye ne-faculty.Olu phononongo lubonelela ngohlaziyo lwendlela i-SET enokuphuculwa ngayo kumanqanaba ezixhobo, ulawulo kunye nokutolika, kwaye igxininisa kwiinjongo zokuphuhlisa imizekelo ye-SET esebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo ezibanzi eziza kulinganisa ngempumelelo impumelelo yokufundisa, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lootitshala bezempilo abaqeqeshiweyo kunye noPhuculo. umgangatho wokufundisa kwimfundo yezonyango.
Olu phononongo lulandela isifundo sikaGreen et al.(2006) [23] ngeengcebiso kunye noBaumeister (2013) [24] ngeengcebiso ngokubhala uphononongo olubalisayo.Sagqiba ekubeni sibhale ingxelo echazayo kwesi sihloko kuba olu hlobo lokuphonononga lunceda ukubonisa imbono ebanzi ngesihloko.Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokuba uphononongo olubalisayo lutsalela kwizifundo ezahluka-hlukeneyo, lunceda ukuphendula imibuzo ebanzi.Ukongeza, amagqabantshintshi okubalisayo anokunceda ukuvuselela ingcinga kunye nengxoxo malunga nesihloko.
Isetyenziswa njani iSET kwimfundo yezonyango kwaye yeyiphi imingeni xa kuthelekiswa neSET esetyenziswa kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi,
Oovimba beenkcukacha bePubmed kunye ne-ERIC bakhangelwa kusetyenziswa indibaniselwano yamagama ophando “uvandlakanyo lokufundisa kwabafundi,” “ubuchule bokufundisa,” “imfundo yezonyango,” “imfundo ephakamileyo,” “uvandlakanyo lwekharityhulam nobuhlakani,” kunye ne-Peer Review 2000, abasebenzisa ingqiqo. .amanqaku apapashwe phakathi kwe-2021 kunye ne-2021. Iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa: Izifundo ezibandakanyiweyo zazizifundo zangaphambili okanye amanqaku okuphonononga, kwaye izifundo zifanelekile kwimimandla yemibuzo emithathu yophando oluphambili.Iikhrayitheriya zokungabandakanywa: Izifundo ezingezizo ulwimi lwesiNgesi okanye izifundo apho amanqaku abhaliweyo apheleleyo awazange afumaneke okanye ayengabalulekanga kwimibuzo emithathu ephambili yophando ayibandakanywanga kuxwebhu lokuphonononga lwangoku.Emva kokukhetha ushicilelo, zaye zahlelwa ngokwezi zihloko zilandelayo kunye nemixholwana ehambelana nayo: (a) Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SET kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi kunye nokunciphisa kwayo, (b) Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SET kwimfundo yezonyango kunye nokufaneleka kwayo ekujonganeni nemiba enxulumene nokuthelekisa I-SET (c ) Ukuphucula i-SET kumanqanaba ezixhobo, olawulo nawokutolika ukuphuhlisa imifuziselo ye-SET esebenzayo.
Umzobo we-1 unikeza i-flowchart yamanqaku akhethiweyo afakiwe kwaye axutyushwa kwinxalenye yangoku yokuhlaziywa.
I-SET isetyenziswe ngokwesiko kwimfundo ephakamileyo kwaye isihloko sifundwe kakuhle kuncwadi [10, 21].Nangona kunjalo, inani elikhulu lezifundo liye lavavanya imida yabo emininzi kunye nemigudu yokujongana nale mida.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba kukho iinguqu ezininzi ezichaphazela amanqaku eSET [10, 21, 25, 26].Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba abalawuli nootitshala baziqonde ezi nguqu xa betolika naxa besebenzisa idatha.Icandelo elilandelayo libonelela ngamagqabantshintshi ngezi zintlukwano.Umzobo 2 ubonisa ezinye zezinto eziphembelela amanqaku eSET, ezichazwe kula macandelo alandelayo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kweekiti ze-intanethi kuye kwanda xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zephepha.Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina kuncwadi bucebisa ukuba i-SET ye-intanethi ingagqitywa ngaphandle kokuba abafundi banikele ingqalelo efunekayo kwinkqubo yokugqiba.Kuphononongo olunomdla olwenziwe ngu-Uitdehaage kunye no-O'Neill [5], ootitshala abangekhoyo bongezwa kwi-SET kwaye abafundi abaninzi banike ingxelo [5].Ngaphezu koko, ubungqina kwiincwadi bubonisa ukuba abafundi bahlala bekholelwa ukuba ukugqitywa kwe-SET akukhokelela ekuphuculweni kwemfundo, leyo, xa idibene neshedyuli exakekileyo yabafundi bezonyango, inokubangela ukuba izinga lokuphendula liphantsi [27].Nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba izimvo zabafundi abathatha uvavanyo azifani nezo zeqela lonke, amazinga okuphendula aphantsi asenokubangela ukuba ootitshala bathathe iziphumo ngaphantsi [28].
Uninzi lweesethi ze-intanethi zigqitywa ngokungaziwa.Umbono kukuvumela abafundi ukuba baveze izimvo zabo ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba intetho yabo iya kuba nayo nayiphi na impembelelo kubudlelwane babo bexesha elizayo nootitshala.Kuphononongo luka-Alfonso et al. [29], abaphandi basebenzise iireyithingi ezingaziwa kunye neereyithingi apho abareyi bekufuneka banike amagama abo (amanqaku oluntu) ukuvavanya impumelelo yokufundisa kwifakhalthi yesikolo sezonyango ngabahlali kunye nabafundi bezonyango.Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ootitshala badla ngokufumana amanqaku asezantsi kwiimvavanyo ezingaziwa mntu.Ababhali baxoxa ukuba abafundi banyanisekile ngakumbi kwiimvavanyo ezingaziwa ngenxa yezithintelo ezithile kwiimvavanyo ezivulekileyo, ezifana nobudlelwane bokusebenza obonakalisiweyo kunye nootitshala abathatha inxaxheba [29].Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukungaziwa okuhlala kunxulunyaniswa ne-SET ye-intanethi kunokukhokelela abanye abafundi ukuba bangabi nantlonipho kwaye baziphindezele kumhlohli ukuba amanqaku ovavanyo akahlangabezani nokulindelwe ngabafundi [30].Nangona kunjalo, uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundi abafane banike ingxelo engenantlonipho, kwaye le yokugqibela inokuthintelwa ngakumbi ngokufundisa abafundi ukunika ingxelo eyakhayo [30].
Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba kukho unxulumano phakathi kwamanqaku e-SET yabafundi, ulindelo lwabo lokusebenza kuvavanyo, kunye nokwaneliseka kwabo kuvavanyo [10, 21].Umzekelo, uStrobe (2020) [9] unike ingxelo yokuba abafundi bavuza izifundo ezilula kwaye ootitshala bavuze amabanga abuthathaka, anokuthi akhuthaze ukufundisa kakubi kwaye akhokelele ekwenyukeni kwamaxabiso [9].Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje, uLooi et al.(2020) [31] Abaphandi baye baxela ukuba ii-SET ezithandekayo zihlobene kwaye kulula ukuzihlola.Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina obuphazamisayo bokuba i-SET inxulumene ngendlela echaseneyo nentsebenzo yabafundi kwizifundo ezilandelayo: okukhona ireyithingi iphezulu, ukusebenza kakubi kwabafundi kwizifundo ezilandelayo.Cornell et al.(2016)[32] yenze uphononongo lokuhlola ukuba ngaba abafundi beekholeji bafunde ngakumbi na kootishala abane-SET abayinike amanqaku aphezulu.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba xa ukufunda kuvavanywa ekupheleni kwekhosi, ootitshala abanamanqaku aphezulu nabo banegalelo ekufundeni kwabona bafundi baninzi.Nakuba kunjalo, xa ukufunda kulinganiswa ngentsebenzo kwiikhosi ezichaphazelekayo ezilandelayo, ootitshala abafumana amanqaku asezantsi noko ngabona basebenza ngempumelelo.Abaphandi bacingela ukuba ukwenza ikhosi ibe ngumngeni ngakumbi ngendlela enemveliso kunokuthoba amanqaku kodwa kuphucule ukufunda.Ke ngoko, uhlolo lwabafundi akufunekanga lube sisiseko sodwa sokuvavanya ukufundisa, kodwa kufuneka samkelwe.
Izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwe-SET kuphenjelelwa yikhosi ngokwayo kunye nombutho wayo.UMing noBaozhi [33] bafumanisa kuphononongo lwabo ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kumanqaku eSET phakathi kwabafundi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo.Umzekelo, isayensi yeklinikhi inamanqaku aphezulu e-SET kunezesayensi ezisisiseko.Ababhali bachaza ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba abafundi bezonyango banomdla wokuba ngoogqirha kwaye ke ngoko banomdla wobuqu kunye nenkuthazo ephezulu yokuthatha inxaxheba kwizifundo zesayensi yezonyango xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo zesayensi ezisisiseko [33].Njengakwimeko yokhetho, inkuthazo yabafundi kwisifundo nayo inefuthe elihle kumanqaku [21].Ezinye izifundo ezininzi zikwaxhasa olo hlobo lwekhosi lunokuba nefuthe kumanqaku eSET [10, 21].
Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba isayizi encinci yeklasi, iphezulu inqanaba le-SET elifunyenwe ngootitshala [10, 33].Enye ingcaciso enokubakho yeyokuba iisayizi zeklasi ezincinci zongeza amathuba onxibelelwano phakathi kukatitshala nomfundi.Ukongeza, iimeko apho uvavanyo lwenziwa khona zinokuchaphazela iziphumo.Umzekelo, amanqaku eSET abonakala ephenjelelwa lixesha nosuku esifundiswa ngalo isifundo, kwakunye nosuku lweveki ekugqitywe ngalo iSET (umzekelo, iimvavanyo ezigqitywe ngeempelaveki zidla ngokukhokelela kumanqaku ancumisayo) kuneemvavanyo ezigqityiweyo. ekuqaleni kweveki .[10].
Uphononongo olunomdla olwenziwa nguHessler et al nalo luyabuza ukusebenza kwe-SET.[34].Kolu phononongo, ulingo olulawulwa ngokungahleliwe lwenziwa kwikhosi yonyango olungxamisekileyo.Abafundi bezonyango bonyaka wesithathu babelwa ngokungacwangciswanga nokuba liqela lolawulo okanye iqela elifumene icookies yasimahla yetshokolethi (iqela lecookie).Onke amaqela afundiswe ngootitshala abafanayo, kwaye umxholo woqeqesho kunye nezixhobo zekhosi ziyafana kuwo omabini amaqela.Emva kwekhosi, bonke abafundi bacelwa ukuba bagqibezele iseti.Iziphumo zibonise ukuba iqela le-cookie lilinganisa ootitshala ngcono kakhulu kuneqela lolawulo, libiza umbuzo ngokusebenza kwe-SET [34].
Ubungqina boluncwadi bukwaxhasa ukuba isini sinokuchaphazela amanqaku eSET [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46].Umzekelo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ubudlelwane phakathi kwesini sabafundi kunye neziphumo zovavanyo: abafundi ababhinqileyo bafumene amanqaku aphezulu kunabafundi abangamadoda [27].Ubungqina obuninzi buqinisekisa ukuba abafundi balinganisa abafundisi basetyhini abangaphantsi kootitshala besilisa [37, 38, 39, 40].Umzekelo, Boring et al.[38] yabonisa ukuba bobabini abafundi abangamadoda nabasetyhini bakholelwa ukuba amadoda anolwazi ngakumbi kwaye anesakhono sobunkokeli esomeleleyo kunabasetyhini.Inyani yokuba isini kunye neengqikelelo zinefuthe kwi-SET zikwaxhaswa luphononongo lukaMacNell et al.[41], owabika ukuba abafundi kwisifundo sakhe balinganisa ootitshala ababhinqileyo abangaphantsi kootitshala abangamadoda kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa [41].Ngaphezu koko, uMorgan et al [42] unikeze ubungqina bokuba oogqirha basetyhini bafumana imilinganiselo yokufundisa ephantsi kwiinkqubo ezine eziphambili zeklinikhi (utyando, izifo zabantwana, i-obstetrics kunye ne-gynecology, kunye neyeza zangaphakathi) xa kuthelekiswa noogqirha besilisa.
Kuphononongo lukaMurray et al (2020) [43], abaphandi baxela ukuba umtsalane wefaculty kunye nomdla wabafundi kwikhosi yayanyaniswa namanqaku aphezulu eSET.Ngokuchaseneyo, ubunzima bekhosi bunxulunyaniswa namanqaku asezantsi e-SET.Ukongeza, abafundi banike amanqaku aphezulu e-SET kootitshala abancinci abamhlophe abangamadoda kunye nakwifakhalthi ephethe ubuprofesa obugcweleyo.Akukho lunxulumano phakathi kovavanyo lokufundisa lwe-SET kunye neziphumo zesaveyi zootitshala.Ezinye izifundo zikwaqinisekisa impembelelo entle yomtsalane womzimba wootitshala kwiziphumo zovavanyo [44].
Clayson et al.(2017) [45] ingxelo yokuba nangona kukho isivumelwano esiqhelekileyo sokuba i-SET ivelisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo kwaye i-avareji yeklasi kunye notitshala iyahambelana, ukungahambisani kusekho kwiimpendulo zomfundi ngamnye.Isishwankathelo, iziphumo zale ngxelo yovavanyo zibonisa ukuba abafundi abavumelani noko bacelwe ukuba bakuvavanye.Imilinganiselo yokuthembeka evela kuvandlakanyo lokufundisa kwabafundi ayanelanga ukunika isiseko sokuseka ubunyani.Ke ngoko, iSET ngamanye amaxesha inokubonelela ngolwazi malunga nabafundi kunootitshala.
I-SET yemfundo yezempilo yahlukile kwi-SET yesiqhelo, kodwa ootitshala bahlala besebenzisa i-SET ekhoyo kwimfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi kune-SET ethe ngqo kwiinkqubo zezempilo ezichazwe kuncwadi.Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo oluqhutywe ukutyhubela iminyaka luye lwafumanisa iingxaki ezininzi.
Jones et al (1994).[46] uqhube uphando ukugqiba umbuzo wendlela yokuvavanya i-faculty yesikolo sezonyango kwiimbono ze-faculty kunye nabalawuli.Lilonke, imiba edla ngokukhankanywa kakhulu enxulumene novavanyo lokufundisa.Ezona zixhaphakileyo izikhalazo ngokubanzi malunga nokungonelanga kweendlela zovavanyo lwentsebenzo lwangoku, nabaphendulayo nabo benza izikhalazo ezithile malunga ne-SET kunye nokungaqatshelwa kokufundiswa kwiinkqubo zokuvuza kwezemfundo.Ezinye iingxaki ezixeliweyo ziquka iinkqubo zovavanyo olungangqinelaniyo kunye neendlela zonyuselo kuwo onke amasebe, ukunqongophala kovavanyo rhoqo, kunye nokusilela ukunxibelelanisa iziphumo zovavanyo nemivuzo.
I-Royal et al (2018) [11] ichaza ezinye izithintelo zokusebenzisa i-SET ukuvavanya ikharityhulam kunye ne-faculty kwiinkqubo zeengcali zempilo kwimfundo ephakamileyo jikelele.Abaphandi baxela ukuba i-SET kwimfundo ephakamileyo ijongene nemingeni eyahlukeneyo kuba ayinakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kuyilo lwekharityhulam kunye nokufundisa izifundo kwizikolo zonyango.Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa, kubandakanywa nemibuzo emalunga nomqeqeshi kunye nekhosi, isoloko idityaniswa ibe yikhweshine enye, ngoko ke abafundi bahlala benengxaki yokwahlula phakathi kwabo.Ukongeza, iikhosi kwiinkqubo zonyango zihlala zifundiswa ngamalungu amaninzi e-faculty.Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo yokufaneleka ngokunikezelwa kwenani elinokuthi lilinganiselwe lokusebenzisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nootitshala abavavanywa nguRoyal et al.(2018) [11].Kuphononongo olwenziwe nguHwang et al.(2017) [14], abaphandi bavavanya ingqikelelo yendlela iimvavanyo zekhosi ezibuyela emva zibonisa ngokubanzi iimbono zabafundi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo zabahlohli.Iziphumo zabo zibonisa ukuba uvavanyo lweklasi yomntu ngamnye luyimfuneko ukuze kulawulwe iikhosi zamasebe amaninzi ngaphakathi kwekharityhulam yesikolo sezonyango esihlanganisiweyo.
U-Uitdehaage no-O'Neill (2015) [5] bavavanye ubungakanani bokuba abafundi bezonyango bathathe ngabom iSET kwikhosi yokufundela eneefakhalthi ezininzi.Ikhosi nganye kwezi zimbini zangaphambi kweklinikhi ibonise umqeqeshi ongeyonyani.Abafundi kufuneka banike amanqaku angachazwanga kubo bonke abaqeqeshi (kubandakanywa nabahlohli bobuxoki) kwiiveki ezimbini zokugqiba ikhosi, kodwa banokula ukuvavanya umqeqeshi.Kunyaka olandelayo yenzeke kwakhona, kodwa umfanekiso womhlohli wentsomi uqukiwe.Amashumi amathandathu anesithandathu eepesenti abafundi bathelekise umhlohli wenyani ngaphandle kokufana, kodwa abafundi abambalwa (49%) bathelekise umqeqeshi wenyani ngokufana okukhoyo.Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abafundi abaninzi bezonyango bagqiba ii-SET ngokungaboni, nokuba zikhatshwa ziifoto, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngononophelo ukuba bavavanya bani, singasathethi ke ngentsebenzo yomqeqeshi.Oku kuthintela ukuphucuka komgangatho weprogram kwaye kunokuba yingozi kwinkqubela phambili yezifundo zootitshala.Abaphandi bacebisa isakhelo esibonelela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwi-SET ebandakanya abafundi ngokukhutheleyo nangokukhutheleyo.
Kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano ezininzi kwikharityhulam yezemfundo yeenkqubo zonyango xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zemfundo ephakamileyo jikelele [11].Imfundo yezonyango, njengemfundo yezempilo yobungcali, igxininise ngokucacileyo ekuphuhliseni iindima zobungcali ezichazwe ngokucacileyo (umsebenzi weklinikhi).Ngenxa yoko, ikharityhulamu yezonyango kunye nezempilo ziye zime ngokuthe kratya, zinezifundo ezilinganiselweyo kunye nokukhetha kwefakhalthi.Okubangela umdla kukuba, iikhosi zemfundo yezonyango zihlala zibonelelwa ngefomathi yeqela, nabo bonke abafundi bathatha izifundo ezifanayo ngaxeshanye kwisiqingatha sonyaka ngasinye.Ngoko ke, ukubhalisa inani elikhulu labafundi (ngokuqhelekileyo n = 100 okanye ngaphezulu) kunokuchaphazela ifomathi yokufundisa kunye nobudlelwane bukatitshala nomfundi.Ngapha koko, kwizikolo ezininzi zonyango, iipropathi ze-psychometric zezixhobo ezininzi azivavanywa ekusetyenzisweni kokuqala, kwaye iipropathi zezixhobo ezininzi zinokuhlala zingaziwa [11].
Izifundo ezininzi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo zibonelele ngobungqina bokuba i-SET inokuphuculwa ngokujongana nemiba ethile ebalulekileyo enokuba nefuthe kwimpumelelo ye-SET kumanqanaba ezixhobo, ulawulo, kunye nokutolika.Umzobo wesi-3 ubonisa amanye amanyathelo anokuthi asetyenziswe ukwenza imodeli ye-SET esebenzayo.La macandelo alandelayo anika ingcaciso ethe kratya.
Ukuphucula i-SET kumanqanaba ezixhobo, ulawulo, kunye nokutolika ukuphuhlisa imifuziselo ye-SET esebenzayo.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, uncwadi luqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kunokuchaphazela ukuvavanywa kootitshala [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46].Peterson et al.(2019) [40] uqhube uphando oluvavanye ukuba isini somfundi sinempembelelo kwiimpendulo zabafundi kwiinzame zokunciphisa umkhethe.Kolu phononongo, iSET ibiqhutywa kwiiklasi ezine (ezimbini zifundiswa ngootitshala abangamadoda zize ezimbini zifundiswe ngootitshala abangabasetyhini).Kwikhosi nganye, abafundi babelwa ngokungenamkhethe ukuba bafumane isixhobo sovavanyo olusemgangathweni okanye isixhobo esifanayo kodwa besebenzisa ulwimi oluyilelwe ukunciphisa umkhethe ngokwesini.Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abafundi abasebenzisa izixhobo zovavanyo ezichasene nomkhethe banika abafundisi-ntsapho ababhinqileyo amanqaku aphezulu e-SET kunabafundi abasebenzisa izixhobo zovavanyo eziqhelekileyo.Ngaphezu koko, bekungekho mahluko kwiireyithingi zootitshala abangamadoda phakathi kwala maqela mabini.Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibalulekile kwaye zibonisa indlela ungenelelo lolwimi olulula olunokunciphisa ngayo ukuthambekela ngokwesini kuvavanyo lokufundisa kwabafundi.Ngoko ke, yinto efanelekileyo yokuqwalasela ngononophelo zonke ii-SET kwaye usebenzise ulwimi ukunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kuphuhliso lwazo [40].
Ukufumana iziphumo eziluncedo kuyo nayiphi na i-SET, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ngenyameko injongo yovavanyo kunye namagama emibuzo kwangaphambili.Nangona uninzi lophando lwe-SET lubonisa ngokucacileyo icandelo kwimiba yombutho wekhosi, oko kukuthi, “uVavanyo lweZifundo”, kunye necandelo lefakhalthi, oko kukuthi “uVavanyo lukaTitshala”, kwezinye iisaveyi umahluko usenokungabonakali, okanye Kusenokubakho ukubhideka phakathi kwabafundi. malunga nendlela yokuvavanya indawo nganye nganye.Ngoko ke, ukuyilwa kwekhweshine kufuneka kube ngokufanelekileyo, kucacise amacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo ekhweshine, kwaye wenze abafundi baqonde oko kufuneka kuhlolwe kwindawo nganye.Ukongeza, uvavanyo lokulinga luyacetyiswa ukugqiba ukuba ngaba abafundi batolika imibuzo ngendlela ecetywayo [24].Kuphononongo olwenziwe ngu-Oermann et al.(2018) [26], abaphandi baye baphanda kwaye badibanisa uncwadi oluchaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-SET kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo kwi-undergraduate kunye nemfundo yesidanga ukubonelela abafundisi ngesikhokelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-SET kwi-nursing kunye nezinye iinkqubo zezempilo.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba izixhobo ze-SET kufuneka zihlolwe ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, kubandakanywa nokuvavanya izixhobo kunye nabafundi abangenakukwazi ukutolika izinto ze-SET okanye imibuzo njengoko kujoliswe kuyo ngumqeqeshi.
Izifundo ezininzi ziye zavavanya ukuba imodeli yolawulo lwe-SET inefuthe ekuzibandakanyeni kwabafundi.
UDaumier et al.(2004) [47] uthelekisa ukulinganisa kwabafundi boqeqesho lomqeqeshi ogqityiweyo eklasini kunye nokulinganisa okuqokelelwe kwi-intanethi ngokuthelekisa inani leempendulo kunye nokulinganisa.Uphando lubonisa ukuba uphando lwe-intanethi ludla ngokuba namazinga okuphendula asezantsi kunophando lwaseklasini.Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lufumanise ukuba iimvavanyo ze-Intanethi azivelisanga amabanga aphakathi ahlukeneyo ukusuka kuvavanyo lweklasi yesiqhelo.
Bekukho ingxelo yokunqongophala konxibelelwano lweendlela ezimbini phakathi kwabafundi kunye nootitshala ngexesha lokugqitywa kweesethi ze-intanethi (kodwa zihlala ziprintwa), okubangele ukunqongophala kwamathuba okucaciswa.Ke ngoko, intsingiselo ye-SET imibuzo, izimvo, okanye uvandlakanyo lwabafundi inokungasoloko icacile [48].Amanye amaziko aye ajongana nalo mbandela ngokuhlanganisa abafundi iyure yonke kwaye babele ixesha elithile lokugqiba iSET kwi-intanethi (ngokungaziwa) [49].Kwisifundo sabo, uMalone et al.(2018) [49] ibambe iintlanganiso ezininzi zokuxoxa nabafundi ngenjongo ye-SET, ababeza kubona iziphumo ze-SET nendlela iziphumo eziya kusetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nayo nayiphi na eminye imiba ephakanyiswe ngabafundi.I-SET iqhutywa kakhulu njengeqela ekugxilwe kulo: iqela elidibeneyo liphendula imibuzo evulelekileyo ngokuvota okungacwangciswanga, ingxoxo-mpikiswano, kunye nokucaciswa.Izinga lokuphendula lalingaphezu kwama-70–80%, libonelela ootitshala, abalawuli, neekomiti zekharityhulam ngolwazi olubanzi [49].
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kuphononongo lwe-Uitdehaage kunye ne-O'Neill [5], abaphandi baxela ukuba abafundi kwisifundo sabo balinganisa ootishala abangekhoyo.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambilana, le yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwizifundo zesikolo sezonyango, apho ikhosi nganye inokufundiswa ngamalungu amaninzi eengcali, kodwa abafundi basenokungakhumbuli ukuba ngubani ofake igalelo kwisifundo ngasinye okanye oko kwenziwe ngumfundi ngamnye.Amanye amaziko awuqwalasele lo mba ngokubonelela ngefoto yomhlohli ngamnye, igama lakhe, kunye nesihloko/umhla awunikiweyo ukuhlaziya iinkumbulo zabafundi nokuphepha iingxaki ezibeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwe-SET [49].
Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo eyayanyaniswa ne-SET kukuba ootitshala abakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo iziphumo ze-SET zobungakanani nomgangatho.Abanye ootitshala banokufuna ukwenza uthelekiso lwamanani kwiminyaka yonke, abanye banokujonga ukunyuka okuncinci / ukuncipha kwamanqaku aphakathi njengotshintsho olunentsingiselo, abanye bafuna ukukholelwa yonke uphando, kwaye abanye bathandabuza kakhulu nayiphi na uphando [45,50, 51].
Ukungaphumeleli ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo iziphumo okanye ukucwangcisa ingxelo yomfundi kunokuchaphazela izimo zengqondo zootitshala ngokufundisa.Iziphumo zikaLutovac et al.(2017) [52] Uqeqesho lootitshala oluxhasayo luyimfuneko kwaye lunenzuzo ekunikeni ingxelo kubafundi.Imfundo yezonyango ifuna uqeqesho ngokukhawuleza ekutolikeni okuchanekileyo kweziphumo zeSET.Ke ngoko, i-faculty yesikolo sezonyango kufuneka ifumane uqeqesho malunga nendlela yokuvavanya iziphumo kunye nemimandla ebalulekileyo ekufuneka igxile kuyo [50, 51].
Ngaloo ndlela, iziphumo ezichazwe zibonisa ukuba ii-SETs kufuneka zenziwe ngononophelo, zilawulwe, kwaye zitolikwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iziphumo ze-SET zinempembelelo enentsingiselo kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo abachaphazelekayo, kubandakanywa i-faculty, abalawuli bezikolo zonyango kunye nabafundi.
Ngenxa yezinye zeentsilelo ze-SET, kufuneka siqhubeke sizabalazela ukudala inkqubo yovavanyo ebanzi ukuze kuncitshiswe utyekelo ekufundiseni ngempumelelo nokuxhasa uphuhliso lobungcali lootitshala bezonyango.
Ukuqonda okupheleleyo komgangatho wokufundisa i-faculty yeklinikhi kunokufunyanwa ngokuqokelela kunye nokulinganisa idatha kwimithombo emininzi, kubandakanywa nabafundi, oogxa, abalawuli beprogram, kunye nokuhlola i-faculty self-assessment [53, 54, 55, 56, 57].La macandelo alandelayo achaza ezinye izixhobo ezinokwenzeka / iindlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukongeza kwi-SET esebenzayo ukunceda ukuphuhlisa ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kunye okupheleleyo kokusebenza koqeqesho (Umfanekiso 4).
Iindlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuphuhlisa imodeli ebanzi yenkqubo yokuvavanya impumelelo yokufundisa kwisikolo sezonyango.
Iqela ekugxilwe kulo lichazwa ngokuthi "ingxoxo yeqela elungiselelwe ukuphonononga imiba ethile" [58].Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, izikolo zonyango zenze amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo ukuze afumane ingxelo esemgangathweni kubafundi kunye nokujongana neminye imigibe ye-intanethi ye-SET.Ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo ayasebenza ekunikeni ingxelo esemgangathweni kunye nokwandisa ukwaneliseka kwabafundi [59, 60, 61].
Kuphononongo olwenziwe nguBrundle et al.[59] Abaphandi baphumeze inkqubo yovavanyo lweqela labafundi elivumela abalawuli bekhosi nabafundi ukuba baxoxe ngezifundo kumaqela ekugxilwe kuwo.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba iingxoxo zeqela ekugxilwe kuzo zincedisana novavanyo lwe-intanethi kwaye zonyusa ukwaneliseka kwabafundi ngenkqubo yovavanyo yekhosi iyonke.Abafundi bayalixabisa ithuba lokunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nabalawuli bekhosi kwaye bakholelwa ukuba le nkqubo inokuba negalelo ekuphuculeni imfundo.Bakwavakalelwa kukuba bayakwazi ukuqonda imbono yomlawuli wekhosi.Ukongeza kubafundi, abalawuli beekhosi baphinde balinganisa ukuba amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo aququzelela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nabafundi [59].Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kunokubonelela izikolo zonyango ngokuqonda okupheleleyo ngakumbi komgangatho wekhosi nganye kunye nokufundisa ngempumelelo kwefakhalthi echaphazelekayo.Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo anemida ethile, njengenani elincinci labafundi abathatha inxaxheba kuyo xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo ye-SET ye-intanethi, efumaneka kubo bonke abafundi.Ukongeza, ukwenza amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwiikhosi ezahlukeneyo kunokuba yinkqubo ethatha ixesha kubacebisi kunye nabafundi.Oku kubeka imida ebalulekileyo, ngakumbi kubafundi bezonyango abaneshedyuli exakeke kakhulu kwaye banokuthatha indawo yonyango kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zejografi.Ukongeza, amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo afuna inani elikhulu labaququzeleli abanamava.Nangona kunjalo, ukubandakanya amaqela ekugxilwe kuwo kwinkqubo yokuvavanya kunokubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya kunye nolwazi oluthile malunga nokusebenza koqeqesho [48, 59, 60, 61].
Schiekierka-Schwacke et al.(2018) [62] ivavanye iimbono zabafundi kunye ne-faculty yesixhobo esitsha sokuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-faculty kunye neziphumo zokufunda zabafundi kwizikolo ezibini zezonyango zaseJamani.Iingxoxo zeqela eligxininisekileyo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lomntu ngamnye lwenziwa kunye nabafundi be-faculty kunye nabafundi bezonyango.Ootitshala bayithakazelele ingxelo yobuqu enikwa sisixhobo sovavanyo, kwaye abafundi banike ingxelo yokuba i-feedback loop, kubandakanywa iinjongo kunye neziphumo, kufuneka yenziwe ukukhuthaza ukunikezelwa kwengxelo yedatha yovavanyo.Ngoko ke, iziphumo zolu phononongo zixhasa ukubaluleka kokuvala ikhonkco lonxibelelwano nabafundi nokubazisa ngeziphumo zovavanyo.
Iinkqubo zokuHlolwa koNtanga zokuFundisa (PRT) zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ziphunyezwe kwimfundo ephakamileyo iminyaka emininzi.I-PRT ibandakanya inkqubo yentsebenziswano yokujonga ukufundisa kunye nokubonelela ngengxelo kumkhi-mkhanyo ukuphucula impumelelo yokufundisa [63].Ukongeza, umthambo wokuzihlaziya, iingxoxo ezilandelelanisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo, kunye nokwabelwa okucwangcisiweyo koogxa abaqeqeshiweyo kunokuncedisa ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-PRT kunye nenkcubeko yokufundisa yesebe [64].Ezi nkqubo zichazwe ukuba zineenzuzo ezininzi njengoko zinokunceda ootitshala bafumane ingxelo eyakhayo kubafundisi-ntsapho abanokuthi bahlangabezane nobunzima obufanayo kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye banokunika inkxaso enkulu ngokubonelela ngeengcebiso eziluncedo zokuphucula [63].Ngaphezu koko, xa kusetyenziswa ngendlela eyakhayo, ukuphononongwa koontanga kunokuphucula umxholo wekhosi kunye neendlela zokuhambisa, kunye nokuxhasa ootitshala bezonyango ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokufundisa kwabo [65, 66].
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje nguCampbell et al.(2019) [67] ibonelela ngobungqina bokuba imodeli yenkxaso yoontanga kwindawo yokusebenza sisicwangciso esamkelekileyo nesisebenzayo sophuhliso lootitshala kubafundisi bezempilo bezonyango.Kwesinye isifundo, uCaygill et al.[68] yenze uphando apho i-questionnaire eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ithunyelwe kubafundisi bezempilo kwiYunivesithi yaseMelbourne ukubavumela ukuba babelane ngamava abo okusebenzisa i-PRT.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kukho umdla ongekapheli kwi-PRT phakathi kwabahlohli bezonyango nokuba ifomathi yokuhlola oontanga ngokuzithandela nenolwazi ithathwa njengethuba elibalulekileyo nelibalulekileyo lophuhliso lobungcali.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iiprogram ze-PRT kufuneka ziyilwe ngononophelo ukuthintela ukudala imeko egwebayo, "yolawulo" ehlala ikhokelela ekwandeni koxinzelelo phakathi kootitshala abaqatshelweyo [69].Ngoko ke, injongo kufuneka ibe kukuphuhlisa ngokucophelela izicwangciso ze-PRT eziza kuncedisa kwaye ziququzelele ukudalwa kwendawo ekhuselekileyo kunye nokubonelela ngempendulo eyakhayo.Ngoko ke, uqeqesho olukhethekileyo luyafuneka ukuze kuqeqeshwe abaphononongi, kwaye iinkqubo ze-PRT kufuneka zibandakanye kuphela ootitshala abanomdla ngokwenene nabanamava.Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba ulwazi olufunyenwe kwi-PRT lusetyenziswa kwizigqibo ze-faculty ezifana nokunyuselwa kumanqanaba aphezulu, ukunyuka kwemivuzo, kunye nokunyuselwa kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo zolawulo.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-PRT idla ixesha kwaye, njengamaqela ekugxilwe kuwo, ifuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwenani elikhulu lamalungu e-faculty anamava, okwenza le ndlela ibe nzima ukuphumeza kwizikolo zonyango ezinezibonelelo eziphantsi.
UNewman et al.(2019) [70] ichaza izicwangciso ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambi, ngexesha nangemva koqeqesho, imigqaliselo egxininisa iindlela ezilungileyo kunye nokuchonga izisombululo kwiingxaki zokufunda.Abaphandi banike iingcebiso ezili-12 kubabuyekezi, kuquka: (1) khetha amagama akho ngobulumko;(2) vumela umakhi-mkhanyo ukuba amisele ulwalathiso lwengxoxo;(3) gcina ingxelo iyimfihlo kwaye ifomathiwe;(4) gcina ingxelo iyimfihlo kwaye ifomathiwe;Ingxelo ijolise kwizakhono zokufundisa endaweni kutitshala ngamnye;(5) Bazi oogxa bakho (6) Yiba nolwazelelelo ngesiqu sakho nabanye (7) Khumbula ukuba izimelabizo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunikeleni ingxelo, (8) Sebenzisa imibuzo ukuze ukhanyisele imbono yokufundisa, (10) Misela inkqubo yokuthembana. kunye nengxelo ekuqwalaselweni koontanga, (11) yenza umkhanya wokufunda ube yi-win-win, (12) yenza isicwangciso somsebenzi.Abaphandi bakwaphonononga ifuthe lokuthambekela kokuqwalaselwe kunye nendlela inkqubo yokufunda, ukujonga kunye nokuxoxa ngengxelo enokubonelela ngamava okufunda abalulekileyo kuwo omabini amaqela, okukhokelela kubuhlakani bexesha elide kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wemfundo.UGomaly et al.(2014) [71] ibike ukuba umgangatho wempendulo esebenzayo kufuneka ubandakanye (1) ukucaciswa komsebenzi ngokubonelela ngezikhokelo, (2) ukunyusa ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza umgudu omkhulu, kunye (3) nombono wommkeli njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo.inikwe ngumthombo othembekileyo.
Nangona i-faculty yesikolo sezonyango ifumana ingxelo nge-PRT, kubalulekile ukuqeqesha i-faculty malunga nendlela yokutolika ingxelo (efana nesiphakamiso sokufumana uqeqesho kwi-SET toliko) kunye nokuvumela i-faculty ixesha elaneleyo lokubonisa ngendlela eyakhayo kwingxelo efunyenweyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-24-2023