Ngokwesiko, ootitshala bebefundisa uvavanyo lomzimba (PE) kubantu abasandula ukufika kwezonyango (abaqeqeshwayo), nangona bekukho imingeni yokuqesha abasebenzi kunye neendleko, kunye nemingeni ngeendlela ezisemgangathweni.
Sicebisa imodeli esebenzisa amaqela aqhelekileyo abafundisi-ntsapho abagulayo (ii-SPI) kunye nabafundi bezonyango bonyaka wesine (ii-MS4) ukufundisa iiklasi zemfundo yomzimba kubafundi abasafunda ngaphambi konyango, besebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ithuba lokufunda ngokubambisana nokuxhaswa ngontanga.
Uphando lwabafundi abangekangeni nkonzo, i-MS4 kunye ne-SPI lubonise izimvo ezintle ngale nkqubo, apho abafundi be-MS4 baxela ukuphucuka okukhulu kubuchwephesha babo njengootitshala. Ukusebenza kwabafundi abangekangeni nkonzo kwiimviwo zezakhono zeklinikhi zasentwasahlobo bekufana okanye kungcono kunentsebenzo yoontanga babo abangekangeni nkonzo.
Iqela le-SPI-MS4 lingabafundisa ngempumelelo abafundi abasaqalayo indlela yokusebenza kunye nesiseko seklinikhi sovavanyo lomzimba lwabasaqalayo.
Abafundi abatsha bezonyango (abafundi abangekabikho kwezonyango) bafunda uvavanyo olusisiseko lomzimba (PE) ekuqaleni kwesikolo sezonyango. Baqhuba iiklasi zemfundo yomzimba kubafundi besikolo sokulungiselela. Ngokwesiko, ukusetyenziswa kootitshala nako kuneengxaki, ezizezi: 1) zibiza kakhulu; 3) kunzima ukubaqesha; 4) kunzima ukuzilinganisa; 5) kunokuvela izinto ezingaqhelekanga; iimpazamo eziphosiweyo nezicacileyo [1, 2] 6) Basenokungaziqhelani neendlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe kubungqina [3] 7) Basenokuvakalelwa kukuba ubuchule bokufundisa imfundo yomzimba abanelanga [4];
Iimodeli zoqeqesho lokuzivocavoca eziphumeleleyo ziye zaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa izigulana zokwenyani [5], abafundi bezonyango abaphezulu okanye abahlali [6, 7], kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo [8] njengabafundisi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zonke ezi modeli zifana ngokuba ukusebenza kwabafundi kwizifundo zemfundo yomzimba akunciphi ngenxa yokungabandakanywa kokuthatha inxaxheba kootitshala [5, 7]. Nangona kunjalo, abafundisi-ntsapho abaqhelekileyo abanalo amava kumxholo weklinikhi [9], nto leyo ibalulekileyo kubafundi ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha yezemidlalo ukuvavanya iingcamango zokuxilonga. Ukujongana nesidingo sokumisela umgangatho kunye nomxholo weklinikhi ekufundiseni imfundo yomzimba, iqela lootitshala longeze imithambo yokuxilonga eqhutywa yingcamango ekufundiseni kwabo abaqhelekileyo [10]. KwiSikolo sezonyango saseGeorge Washington University (GWU), sijongana nale mfuno ngemodeli yamaqela aqhelekileyo abafundisi-ntsapho abagulayo (ii-SPI) kunye nabafundi bezonyango abaphezulu (ii-MS4). (Umfanekiso 1) I-SPI idibene ne-MS4 ukufundisa abafundi i-PE. I-SPI inika ubuchule kwindlela yovavanyo lwe-MS4 kumxholo weklinikhi. Le modeli isebenzisa ukufunda ngokubambisana, esisixhobo esinamandla sokufunda [11]. Ngenxa yokuba i-SP isetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke izikolo zonyango zase-US nakwizikolo ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe [12, 13], kwaye izikolo ezininzi zonyango zineenkqubo zabafundi kunye neengcali, le modeli inokuba nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Injongo yale nqaku kukuchaza le modeli yoqeqesho lwezemidlalo yeqela le-SPI-MS4 eyahlukileyo (Umfanekiso 1).
Inkcazo emfutshane yemodeli yokufunda ngokubambisana ye-MS4-SPI. I-MS4: Umfundi Wezonyango Webanga Lesine I-SPI: Umqeqeshi Wesigulane Oqhelekileyo;
Ukuxilongwa komzimba okufunekayo (i-PDX) kwi-GWU yinxalenye enye yekhosi yezakhono zeklinikhi zangaphambi kobugqirha kwezonyango. Ezinye izinto: 1) Ukuhlanganiswa kweklinikhi (iiseshoni zamaqela ezisekelwe kumgaqo we-PBL); 2) Udliwanondlebe; 3) Uqeqesho lokufundisa i-OSCE; 4) Uqeqesho lweklinikhi (ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono zeklinikhi ngoogqirha abasebenzayo); 5) Uqeqesho lophuhliso lobuchwephesha; I-PDX isebenza ngamaqela abafundi aba-4-5 abasebenza kwiqela elifanayo le-SPI-MS4, behlangana amaxesha ama-6 ngonyaka iiyure ezi-3 nganye. Ubungakanani beklasi bumalunga ne-180 yabafundi, kwaye unyaka ngamnye phakathi kwabafundi abangama-60 nama-90 be-MS4 bakhethwa njengootitshala kwiikhosi ze-PDX.
Ii-MS4 zifumana uqeqesho lootitshala nge-TALKS (Teaching Knowledge and Skills) yethu yokukhetha ootitshala abaphambili, equka iiworkshops malunga nemigaqo yokufunda yabantu abadala, izakhono zokufundisa, kunye nokubonelela ngempendulo [14]. Ii-SPI zingena kwinkqubo yoqeqesho olude oluphuculwe yi-CLASS Simulation Center Assistant Director (JO) yethu. Iikhosi ze-SP zakhiwe ngokwezikhokelo eziphuhliswe ngootitshala ezibandakanya imigaqo yokufunda kwabantu abadala, iindlela zokufunda, kunye nobunkokeli beqela kunye nenkuthazo. Ngokukodwa, uqeqesho lwe-SPI kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwenzeka ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo, kuqala ehlotyeni kwaye kuqhubeke unyaka wonke wesikolo. Izifundo ziquka indlela yokufundisa, ukunxibelelana kunye nokuqhuba iiklasi; indlela isifundo esingena ngayo kwikhosi eseleyo; indlela yokubonelela ngempendulo; indlela yokwenza imithambo yomzimba kunye nokuyifundisa abafundi. Ukuvavanya ubuchule benkqubo, ii-SPI kufuneka ziphumelele uvavanyo lokubekwa oluqhutywa lilungu le-faculty ye-SP.
I-MS4 kunye ne-SPI nazo zithathe inxaxheba kwi-workshop yeqela ethathe iiyure ezimbini kunye ukuchaza iindima zazo ezincedisayo ekucwangciseni nasekusebenziseni ikharityhulam nasekuvavanyeni abafundi abangena kuqeqesho lwangaphambi kokungena enkonzweni. Isakhiwo esisisiseko se-workshop yayiyimodeli ye-GRPI (iinjongo, iindima, iinkqubo kunye nezinto ezichaphazela abantu) kunye nethiyori kaMezirow yokufunda ngokuguqula (inkqubo, iziseko kunye nomxholo) wokufundisa iingcamango zokufunda ezixubeneyo (ezongezelelweyo) [15, 16]. Ukusebenza kunye njengootitshala abancedisanayo kuhambelana nethiyori yokufunda kwezentlalo namava: ukufunda kudalwe kutshintshiselwano lwentlalo phakathi kwamalungu eqela [17].
Ikharityhulam yePDX yakhiwe ngokwemodeli yeCore and Clusters (C+C) [18] yokufundisa i-PE kwimeko yokuqiqa ngeklinikhi kangangeenyanga ezili-18, ikharityhulam yeqela ngalinye igxile kwiintetho eziqhelekileyo zesigulana. Abafundi baya kuqala bafunde icandelo lokuqala le-C+C, uvavanyo lwe-motor olunemibuzo engama-40 olugubungela iinkqubo ezinkulu zezitho zomzimba. Uvavanyo olusisiseko luvavanyo lomzimba olulula nolusebenzayo olungabangeli ngxaki kangako kunovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwendabuko. Uvavanyo oluphambili lufanelekile ukulungiselela abafundi amava okuqala eklinikhi kwaye lwamkelwe zizikolo ezininzi. Emva koko abafundi badlulela kwicandelo lesibini le-C+C, iDiagnostic Cluster, eliliqela le-H&Ps eqhutywa ziingcamango ezicwangciswe malunga neentetho ezithile zeklinikhi ezicwangciselwe ukuphuhlisa izakhono zokuqiqa ngeklinikhi. Intlungu yesifuba ngumzekelo wokubonakaliswa okunjalo kweklinikhi (Itheyibhile 1). Ii-Clusters zikhupha imisebenzi engundoqo kuvavanyo oluphambili (umz., i-auscultation yentliziyo esisiseko) kwaye zongeze imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo, ekhethekileyo enceda ukwahlula amandla okuxilonga (umz., ukumamela izandi ezongezelelweyo zentliziyo kwindawo ye-lateral decubitus). I-C+C ifundiswa kwixesha leenyanga ezili-18 kwaye ikharityhulam iyaqhubeka, apho abafundi baqala ngokuqeqeshwa kwiimviwo zomzimba ezimalunga nama-40, baze emva koko, xa bekulungele, bangene kumaqela, ngalinye libonisa ukusebenza kweklinikhi okumela imodyuli yenkqubo yezitho zomzimba. Abafundi bahlangabezana nazo (umz., iintlungu zesifuba kunye nokuphefumla okufutshane ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwentliziyo nokuphefumla) (Itheyibhile 2).
Ukulungiselela ikhosi yePDX, abafundi abafunda ngaphambi kobugqirha bafunda iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuxilonga (Umfanekiso 2) kunye noqeqesho lomzimba kwincwadana yePDX, incwadi yesifundo sokuxilonga ngokomzimba, kunye neevidiyo ezichazayo. Ixesha elipheleleyo elifunekayo kubafundi ukulungiselela ikhosi limalunga nemizuzu engama-60-90. Ibandakanya ukufunda iCluster Packet (amaphepha ali-12), ukufunda isahluko seBates (~amaphepha angama-20), kunye nokubukela ividiyo (imizuzu emi-2-6) [19]. Iqela le-MS4-SPI liqhuba iintlanganiso ngendlela ehambelanayo besebenzisa ifomathi echazwe kwincwadi yesikhokelo (Itheyibhile 1). Baqala ngokwenza uvavanyo lomlomo (ngesiqhelo imibuzo emi-5-7) ngolwazi lwangaphambi kweseshoni (umz., yintoni i-physiology kunye nokubaluleka kwe-S3? Yeyiphi i-diagnostic exhasa ubukho bayo kwizigulana ezinengxaki yokuphefumla?). Emva koko bahlaziya iindlela zokuxilonga kwaye basuse amathandabuzo abafundi abangena kuqeqesho lwangaphambi kwe-graduate. Inxalenye eseleyo yekhosi yimithambo yokugqibela. Okokuqala, abafundi abalungiselela ukuziqhelanisa baqhelisela imithambo yomzimba omnye komnye nakwi-SPI kwaye banike ingxelo kwiqela. Ekugqibeleni, i-SPI ibanike isifundo setyala kwi-"Small Formative OSCE." Abafundi basebenze ngababini ukuze bafunde ibali baze benze izigqibo malunga nemisebenzi yokwahlulahlula eyenziwa kwi-SPI. Emva koko, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zokulinganisa ifiziksi, abafundi abangekagqibi izifundo babeka phambili iingcamango baze bacebise ukuxilongwa okunokwenzeka. Emva kwekhosi, iqela le-SPI-MS4 livavanye umfundi ngamnye laza laqhuba uvavanyo lwabo kwaye lachonga iindawo zokuphucula uqeqesho olulandelayo (Itheyibhile 1). Ingxelo yinto ephambili yekhosi. I-SPI kunye ne-MS4 zibonelela ngengxelo yokwakheka rhoqo ngexesha leseshoni nganye: 1) njengoko abafundi besenza imithambo omnye komnye nakwi-SPI 2) ngexesha leMini-OSCE, i-SPI igxile kwi-mechanics kwaye i-MS4 igxile kwingqiqo yeklinikhi; i-SPI kunye ne-MS4 zikwabonelela ngengxelo ebhaliweyo eshwankathelayo ekupheleni kwesemester nganye. Le ngxelo isemthethweni ifakwa kwi-rubric yenkqubo yolawulo lwemfundo yezonyango kwi-intanethi ekupheleni kwesemester nganye kwaye ichaphazela ibanga lokugqibela.
Abafundi abalungiselela uqeqesho lomsebenzi babelane ngeengcinga zabo ngamava kuphando olwenziwe yiSebe loVavanyo noPhando lwezeMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington. Amashumi alithoba anesixhenxe ekhulwini abafundi abasaqalayo bavumile okanye bavuma ukuba ikhosi yokuxilongwa komzimba ibalulekile kwaye ibandakanya izimvo ezichazayo:
"Ndikholelwa ukuba izifundo zokuxilonga umzimba zezona zifundo zonyango zibalaseleyo; umzekelo, xa ufundisa ngokwembono yomfundi wonyaka wesine kunye nesigulana, izixhobo zibalulekile kwaye ziqiniswa koko kwenziwa eklasini."
"I-SPI inika iingcebiso ezilungileyo ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza iinkqubo kwaye inika iingcebiso ezilungileyo malunga neengongoma ezinokubangela ukungonwabi kwizigulana."
"I-SPI kunye ne-MS4 zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zibonelela ngembono entsha yokufundisa ebaluleke kakhulu. I-MS4 inika ukuqonda ngeenjongo zokufundisa kwizenzo zonyango."
“Ndingathanda ukuba sidibane rhoqo. Le yeyona nxalenye ndiyithandayo yekhosi yezonyango kwaye ndivakalelwa kukuba iphela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.”
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, i-100% ye-SPI (N=16 [100%]) kunye ne-MS4 (N=44 [77%]) bathi amava abo njengomqeqeshi we-PDX ayelungile; i-91% kunye ne-93%, ngokulandelelana, ye-SPI kunye ne-MS4 bathi banamava njengomqeqeshi we-PDX; amava amahle okusebenza kunye.
Uhlalutyo lwethu olusemgangathweni lwembono ye-MS4 malunga noko bakuxabisayo kumava abo njengootitshala luphumele kwezi zihloko zilandelayo: 1) Ukusebenzisa ithiyori yokufunda yabantu abadala: ukukhuthaza abafundi nokudala indawo yokufunda ekhuselekileyo. 2) Ukulungiselela ukufundisa: ukucwangcisa ukusetyenziswa kweklinikhi okufanelekileyo, ukulindela imibuzo yabaqeqeshwayo, kunye nokusebenzisana ukuze kufunyanwe iimpendulo; 3) Ukumisela ubungcali; 4) Ukugqithisa okulindelweyo: ukufika kwangethuba nokumka emva kwexesha; 5) Ingxelo: ukubeka phambili ingxelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, enentsingiselo, eqinisayo neyakhayo; Ukubonelela abaqeqeshwayo ngeengcebiso malunga nemikhwa yokufunda, indlela engcono yokugqibezela iikhosi zovavanyo lomzimba, kunye neengcebiso zomsebenzi.
Abafundi beSiseko bathatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo lokugqibela lwe-OSCE olunezigaba ezintathu ekupheleni kwesemester yasentwasahlobo. Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yethu, sithelekise ukusebenza kwabafundi abaqeqeshwayo kwicandelo lefiziksi le-OSCE ngaphambi nasemva kokuqaliswa kwenkqubo ngo-2010. Ngaphambi kowama-2010, ootitshala bezonyango be-MS4 bafundisa i-PDX kubafundi abasaqalayo. Ngaphandle konyaka wotshintsho ka-2010, sithelekise izalathisi zentwasahlobo ze-OSCE zemfundo yomzimba ka-2007-2009 kunye nezalathisi zika-2011-2014. Inani labafundi abathatha inxaxheba kwi-OSCE laliqala kwi-170 ukuya kwi-185 ngonyaka: abafundi abangama-532 kwiqela langaphambi kokungenelela kunye nabafundi abangama-714 kwiqela lasemva kokungenelela.
Amanqaku e-OSCE kwiimviwo zasentwasahlobo zika-2007-2009 kunye no-2011-2014 ashwankathelwe, alinganiswa ngobukhulu besampulu yonyaka. Sebenzisa iisampulu ezi-2 ukuthelekisa i-GPA eqokelelweyo yonyaka ngamnye wexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-GPA eqokelelweyo yexesha elizayo usebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-t. I-GW IRB yakhulula olu phononongo kwaye yafumana imvume yabafundi yokusebenzisa idatha yabo yezemfundo ngokungaziwayo kolu phando.
Amanqaku aphakathi ovavanyo lomzimba anyuke kakhulu ukusuka kwi-83.4 (SD=7.3, n=532) ngaphambi kwenkqubo ukuya kwi-89.9 (SD=8.6, n=714) emva kwenkqubo (utshintsho oluphakathi = 6, 5; 95% CI: 5.6 ukuya kwi-7.4; p<0.0001) (Itheyibhile 3). Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni utshintsho ukusuka ekufundiseni ukuya kubasebenzi abangengabo ootitshala luhambelana notshintsho kwikharityhulam, umahluko kumanqaku e-OSCE awunakuchazwa ngokucacileyo ngokuvelisa izinto ezintsha.
Imodeli yokufundisa yeqela le-SPI-MS4 yindlela entsha yokufundisa abafundi bezonyango ulwazi olusisiseko lwemfundo yomzimba ukuze babalungiselele ukuvezwa kwangoko kwezonyango. Oku kubonelela ngenye indlela esebenzayo ngokuthintela imiqobo enxulumene nokubandakanyeka kootitshala. Ikwabonelela ngexabiso elongezelelweyo kwiqela lokufundisa kunye nabafundi babo bangaphambi kokuziqhelanisa: bonke bayazuza ekufundeni kunye. Iingenelo ziquka ukuveza abafundi ngaphambi kokuziqhelanisa kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli zokulinganisa intsebenziswano [23]. Iimbono ezahlukeneyo ezifumaneka ekufundeni ngokubambisana zidala indawo yokudibanisa [10] apho aba bafundi bafumana ulwazi kwimithombo emibini: 1) i-kinesthetic - ukwakha iindlela zokuzilolonga zomzimba ezichanekileyo, 2) i-synthetic - ukwakha ingqiqo yokuxilonga. Ii-MS4 nazo ziyazuza ekufundeni ngokubambisana, zibalungiselela umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kunye neengcali zempilo ezidibeneyo.
Imodeli yethu ikwabandakanya neengenelo zokufunda ngoontanga [24]. Abafundi abasafunda ngaphambi kokuziqhelanisa bazuza kukulungelelaniswa kwengqondo, indawo yokufunda ekhuselekileyo, ukunxibelelana nabantu kwi-MS4 kunye nomzekelo wokulinganisa indima, kunye "nokufunda okuphindwe kabini" - ukusuka ekufundeni kwabo kokuqala kunye nokwabanye; Bakwabonisa uphuhliso lwabo lobuchwephesha ngokufundisa oontanga abancinci kwaye basebenzise amathuba akhokelwa ngutitshala ukuphuhlisa nokuphucula izakhono zabo zokufundisa kunye neemviwo. Ukongeza, amava abo okufundisa abalungiselela ukuba babe ngabafundisi abaphumelelayo ngokubaqeqesha ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokufundisa ezisekelwe kubungqina.
Izifundo zifundwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwale modeli. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubunzima bobudlelwane phakathi kwe-MS4 kunye ne-SPI, njengoko amanye ama-dyad engenalo ulwazi olucacileyo lwendlela engcono yokusebenzisana ngayo. Iindima ezicacileyo, iincwadana zemiyalelo ezineenkcukacha kunye neeworkshops zamaqela zijongana ngempumelelo nale micimbi. Okwesibini, uqeqesho oluneenkcukacha kufuneka lunikezelwe ukuze kuphuculwe imisebenzi yeqela. Ngelixa omabini amaqela ootitshala kufuneka aqeqeshwe ukufundisa, i-SPI ikwafuna ukuqeqeshwa kwindlela yokwenza izakhono zovavanyo esele ziqondwe yi-MS4. Okwesithathu, ucwangciso olucokisekileyo luyafuneka ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neshedyuli exakekileyo ye-MS4 kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba lonke iqela likho kwiseshoni nganye yovavanyo lomzimba. Okwesine, iinkqubo ezintsha kulindeleke ukuba zijongane nokumelana okuthile ne-faculty kunye nabaphathi, kunye neengxoxo ezinamandla ezixhasa ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko;
Ngamafutshane, imodeli yokufundisa yokuxilonga umzimba ye-SPI-MS4 imele ubuchule obukhethekileyo nobusebenzayo apho abafundi bezonyango banokufunda ngempumelelo izakhono zomzimba kwabo bangengoogqirha abaqeqeshwe ngononophelo. Ekubeni phantse zonke izikolo zonyango eMelika nakwizikolo ezininzi zonyango zangaphandle zisebenzisa i-SP, kwaye izikolo ezininzi zonyango zineenkqubo zabafundi kunye neefakhalthi, le modeli inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Idatha yolu phononongo ifumaneka kuGqr. Benjamin Blatt, MD, uMlawuli weZiko loFundo lweGWU. Yonke idatha yethu iboniswe kolu phando.
UNoel GL, uHerbers JE Jr., iCaplow MP, uCooper GS, uPangaro LN, uHarvey J. I-faculty yezonyango zangaphakathi ivavanya njani izakhono zonyango zabahlali? Ugqirha oqeqeshwayo 1992;117(9):757-65. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-9-757. (PMID: 1343207).
Ilungu lePalamente laseJanjigian, uCharap M kunye noKalet A. Uphuhliso lwenkqubo yovavanyo lomzimba olukhokelwa ngugqirha esibhedlele iJ Hosp Med 2012;7(8):640-3. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.1954.EPub.2012. Julayi, 12
UDamp J, uMorrison T, uDewey S, uMendez L. Ukufundisa uvavanyo lomzimba kunye nezakhono zokunyakaza kwengqondo kwiimeko zeklinikhi I-MedEdPortal https://doi.org/10.15766/mep.2374.8265.10136
Hussle JL, Anderson DS, Shelip HM. Hlalutya iindleko kunye neenzuzo zokusebenzisa izixhobo ezisemgangathweni zezigulane kuqeqesho lokuxilonga umzimba. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 1994;69(7):567–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199407000-00013, iphe. 567.
U-Anderson KK, uMeyer TK Sebenzisa abafundisi-ntsapho abanezigulana ukufundisa izakhono zovavanyo lomzimba. Ukufundisa ngezonyango. 1979;1(5):244–51. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421597909012613.
Eskowitz ES Ukusebenzisa abafundi abasaqalayo njengabancedisi bokufundisa izakhono zonyango. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 1990;65:733–4.
UHester SA, uWilson JF, uBrigham NL, uForson SE, uBlue AW. Uthelekiso lwabafundi bezonyango bonyaka wesine kunye nabafundisi bezakhono zovavanyo lomzimba kubafundi bezonyango bonyaka wokuqala. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 1998;73(2):198-200.
I-Aamodt CB, iVirtue DW, iDobby AE. Izigulana ezisemgangathweni ziqeqeshwe ukufundisa oontanga bazo, zibonelela abafundi bezonyango bonyaka wokuqala ngoqeqesho olusemgangathweni nolungabizi kakhulu kwizakhono zovavanyo lomzimba. I-Fam Medicine. 2006;38(5):326–9.
UBarley JE, uFisher J, uDwinnell B, uWhite K. Ukufundisa izakhono zovavanyo lomzimba olusisiseko: iziphumo ezivela kuthelekiso lwabancedisi bokufundisa abangengabo abaqeqeshi kunye nabafundisi boogqirha. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 2006;81(10):S95–7.
Yudkowsky R, Ohtaki J, Lowenstein T, Riddle J, Bordage J. Inkqubo yoqeqesho kunye novavanyo oluqhutywa yingcinga yovavanyo lomzimba kubafundi bezonyango: uvavanyo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ubunyani. Imfundo yezonyango. 2009;43:729–40.
UBuchan L., eClark Florida. Ukufunda ngokubambisana. Uvuyo olukhulu, izinto ezimbalwa ezimangalisayo kunye nebhotile encinci yemiphunga. Ukufundisa eyunivesithi. 1998;6(4):154–7.
UMay W., uPark JH, uLee JP Uphononongo lweminyaka elishumi loncwadi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezigulana ezisemgangathweni ekufundiseni. Ukufundisa ngezonyango. 2009;31:487–92.
USoriano RP, uBlatt B, uCoplit L, uCichoski E, uKosovic L, uNewman L, nabanye. Ukufundisa abafundi bezonyango ukufundisa: uphando lukazwelonke lweenkqubo zootitshala bezonyango eMelika. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 2010;85(11):1725–31.
UBlatt B, uGreenberg L. Uvavanyo lwamanqanaba amaninzi lweenkqubo zoqeqesho lwabafundi bezonyango. Imfundo ephakamileyo yezonyango. 2007;12:7-18.
URaue S., uTan S., uWeiland S., uVenzlik K. Imodeli yeGRPI: indlela yokuphuhlisa iqela. Iqela leSystem Excellence, eBerlin, eJamani. Inguqulelo yesi-2 ka-2013.
UClark P. Injani ithiyori yemfundo edibanisa abafundi abangoochwephesha? Ezinye iingcebiso zokuphuhlisa isakhelo sethiyori sokusebenza njengeqela lokufundisa. J Interprof Nursing. 2006;20(6):577–89.
UGouda D., uBlatt B., uFink MJ, uKosovich LY, uBecker A., uSilvestri RC Uvavanyo olusisiseko lomzimba lwabafundi bezonyango: Iziphumo ezivela kuphando lukazwelonke. I-Academy of Medical Sciences. 2014;89:436–42.
ULynn S. Bickley, uPeter G. Szilagyi, kunye noRichard M. Hoffman. Isikhokelo sikaBates soVavanyo loMzimba kunye nokuThatha iMbali. Ihlelwe nguRainier P. Soriano. Uhlelo lweshumi elinesithathu. IPhiladelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2021.
URagsdale JW, uBerry A, uGibson JW, uHerb Valdez CR, uGermain LJ, uEngel DL. Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zemfundo yezonyango zabafundi abaphantsi kweziqu. Imfundo yezonyango kwi-intanethi. 2020;25(1):1757883–1757883. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2020.1757883.
Kittisarapong, T., Blatt, B., Lewis, K., Owens, J., kunye noGreenberg, L. (2016). Iworkshop edibanisa izifundo ezahlukeneyo ukuphucula intsebenziswano phakathi kwabafundi bezonyango kunye nabaqeqeshi bezigulane abaqhelekileyo xa befundisa abaqalayo ekuxilongeni umzimba. I-Medical Education Portal, 12(1), 10411–10411. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10411
UYoon Michel H, uBlatt Benjamin S, uGreenberg uLarry W. Uphuhliso lobuchwephesha lwabafundi bezonyango njengootitshala lutyhilwa ngokucamngca ngokufundisa kwikhosi yabaFundi njengooTitshala. Ukufundisa amayeza. 2017;29(4):411–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2017.1302801.
Crowe J, Smith L. Ukusebenzisa ukufunda ngokubambisana njengendlela yokukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi koochwephesha kwimpilo nakwinkathalelo yoluntu. J Interprof Nursing. 2003;17(1):45–55.
10 Keith O, Durning S. Ukufunda ngontanga kwimfundo yezonyango: izizathu ezilishumi elinesibini zokusuka kwithiyori ukuya ekusebenzeni. Ukufundisa ngezonyango. 2009;29:591-9.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-11-2024