Ngokwesiko, ootitshala bafundise uvavanyo lomzimba (i-PE) ukuya kwizonyango abafikayo (abaqeqeshi), nangona kukho imiceli mngeni yokuqesha kunye neendleko, kunye nemiceli mngeni ngeendlela ezimiselweyo.
Sicebisa ukuba imodeli isebenzisa amaqela amiselweyo yabafundi abagulayo (i-SPIS) kunye nabafundi bonyango wesine (i-MS4s) ukufundisa iiklasi zemfundo ezenziwa emzimbeni kubafundi abasempilweni, esebenzisa inkonzo yokusebenzisana kunye nohlobo oluncedisiweyo.
Uphando lwenkonzo yangaphambi kwenkonzo yaphambi kwexesha, i-MS4 kunye ne-SPI iveze iimbono ezintle zale nkqubo, kunye ne-MS4 Abafundi banika ingxelo ngokubaluleka kubungcali babo bonke. Ukusebenza kwangaphambi kokuba abafundi bezakhono zezakhono zeklinikhi yeklinikhi ilingana okanye ilunge ngakumbi kunendlela yabo yenkqubo yenkqubo.
Iqela leSPI-MS4 linokufundisa abafundi ngempumelelo abafundi be-novice oomatshini kunye nesiseko sekliniki sovavanyo lomzimba lwe-novice.
Abafundi abatsha (abafundi baphambi konyango) bafunde uviwo olusisiseko lomzimba (i-PE) ekuqaleni kwesikolo sezonyango. Ukuqhutywa kweeklasi zemfundo yemfundo yabafundi bezikolo zokulungiselela. Ngokwesiko, ukusetyenziswa kootitshala nako okungenakugqibelele, oko kukuthi: 1) bayabiza; 3) Kunzima ukufumana; 4) Kunzima ukubeka umgangatho; 5) Ithanda izinto ezi-5) zinokuvela; Impazamo ephosakeleyo necacileyo [1, 2] 6) isenokungaqhelanga iindlela zokufundisa zobungqina [3] 7) inokuziva ngathi ubuchule bokwandisa imfundo ngokwasemzimbeni ayonelanga [4];
Iimodeli zokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo zoqeqesho ziye zaphuhliswa zisebenzisa izigulana zokwenyani [5], abafundi abaPhezulu boNyango okanye abahlali [6, 7], babeka abantu [8] njengabahlohli. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba zonke ezi modeli ziqhelekile ukuba intsebenzo yomfundi kwizifundo zemfundo yasemzimbeni azinciphise ngenxa yokukhutshelwa kwenxaxheba kuthatha inxaxheba [5, 7]. Nangona kunjalo, ootitshala babeka amava kumxholo wekliniki [9], kubalulekile ukuba abafundi bakwazi ukusebenzisa idatha yeembaleki kwii-hypotheses zoxilonga. Ukujongana nemfuno yokubekwa emgangathweni kunye nomxholo weklinikhi kwimfundo yezemfundo yemfundo, iqela lootitshala longezelela imithambo yokufumana i-hypothesistic ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10]. KwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Washington (GWU) yesikolo samayeza, sijongana nale mfuno ngemodeli yeqela lootitshala abagulayo (i-SPIS) kunye nabafundi abaPhezulu (i-SPIS). . I-SPI ibonelela ngobuchule kunxibelelwano lwe-MS4 kumxholo wekliniki. Le modeli isebenzisa imfundo yentsebenzo, esiyisixhobo esinamandla sokufunda [11]. Kuba i-SP isetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke izikolo zezonyango zase-US kunye nezikolo ezininzi zakwamanye amazwe [12, 13], kwaye uninzi lwezikolo zezonyango zineenkqubo zecandelo lemicimbi yabafundi, le modeli inamandla esicelo esibanzi. Injongo yeli nqaku kukuchaza le modeli yoqeqesho ye-SPI-MS4 yeQela leMidlalo (umzobo 1).
Inkcazo emfutshane ye-MS4-SPI intsebenzo yokufunda. I-MS4: Okwesine unyaka kagqirha wesibini
I-disalonosis efunekayo yomzimba (PDX) kwi-GWU yenye yekhondo lezakhono zeKlinikhi yeKlinikhi yeKlinikhi. Amanye amacandelo: 1) Ukudityaniswa kweklinikhi (iiseshoni zeqela ngokusekwe kumgaqo wePBL); 2) Udliwanondlebe; 3) ukusebenzisa i-osce; 4) Uqeqesho lweklinikhi (ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono zeklinikhi ngokwenza ogqirha); 5) Ukuqeqesha kophuhliso lobungcali; I-PDX isebenza ngokwamaqela abalandeli abangama-4-5 abasebenza kwiqela elinye le-SPI-ms4, intlanganiso ka-6 ngonyaka iiyure ezi-3 nganye. Ubungakanani beklasi bubamalunga ne-180 abafundi, kunye nonyaka ngamnye phakathi kwama-60 nama-90 abafundi abakhethwe njengabafundisi-ntsapho kwizifundo ze-PDX.
I-MS4S ifumana uqeqesho lootitshala ngentetho yethu (ulwazi lokufundisa kunye nezakhono) I-SPIS isebenza ngenkqubo yoqeqesho ende ephuhliswe nguMlawuli weZiko loNcedisi weQela leSimo seSizwe (jo). Iikhosi ze-SP zenziwe malunga nezikhokelo eziphuculweyo zotitshala ezibandakanya imigaqo-siseko yokufunda kwabantu abadala, izitayile zokufunda, kunye nenkokheli yeqela kunye nentshukumisa. Ngokukodwa, uqeqesho lwe-SPI kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwenzeka kwizigaba ezininzi, ukuqala ehlobo kwaye uqhubeke kunyaka wonke wesikolo. Izifundo zibandakanya indlela yokufundisa, ukunxibelelana nokwenza iiklasi; Isifundo esinjani sihambelana njani sonke isifundo; Unika njani ingxelo; Indlela yokuqhuba imithambo yomzimba kwaye ibafundise abafundi. Ukuvavanya ubuchule kwiNkqubo, i-SPIs kufuneka iphumelele uvavanyo lokufakwa elawulwa lilungu le-SP.
I-MS4 kunye ne-SPI zikwathatha inxaxheba kwiqela leqela leeyure ezimbini kunye ukuchaza iindima zabo ezisebenzayo ekucwangciseni nasekusebenziseni ikharityhulamu kunye nokuvavanya abafundi ukuba bangene kuqeqesho lwangaphambi kwenkonzo. Isakhiwo esisisiseko sendibano yayiyimodeli ye-GRPI (iindima, iinkqubo, iinkqubo kunye nethiyori yezezixhobo) kunye nethiyen ye-mezim yezakhiwo zokufunda (inkqubo, izakhiwo) zokufundisa ezinobuchule (15, 16]. Ukusebenza kunye njengootitshala be-CO-Ixabiso elingqinelanayo lezeNtlalontle kunye neethiyori zokufunda ezinamava: Ukufunda kwenziwa kutshintshiselwano lwentlalo phakathi kwamalungu eqela [17].
Ikharityhulamu ye-PDX yenziwa kwi-Core kunye neQela (c + c) [18] Ukufundisa i-Pe kwimeko yokuqikelela kweklinikhi ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezili-18, kwikharityhulamu nganye ejolise kubuguli. Abafundi baya kuphonononga okwenziwa kwicandelo lokuqala le-C + C, uvavanyo lweemoto ezingama-40 olugubungela iinkqubo eziphambili zelungu. Uvavanyo lokwandlalela luvavanyo olulula nolwenziweyo olululo olungaphantsi kwerhafu engathandekiyo kuvavanyo ngokubanzi lwemveli. Iimviwo eziphambili zilungele ukulungiselela abafundi amava okuqala kwezonyango kwaye bamkelwe zizikolo ezininzi. Abafundi emva koko baqhubele phambili kwicandelo lesibini le-C + C, iQela lokuDingamela, eli liqela le-hypothesis-eqhutywa ngenkcazo-nkqubela ngokubanzi yezakhono ezenzelwe ukukhula kwezakhono zokuqikelela. Intlungu yesifuba ngumzekelo wokubonakaliswa kweklinikhi yeklinikhi (iTheyibhile 1). Amaqela akhupha imisebenzi ephambili kuviwo oluphambili (umz. I-C + ifundiswa ngaphezulu kwenyanga yeenyanga ezili-18 kwaye ikharityhulamu iqhubeka, kunye nabafundi kuqala baqeqeshwa kwiiMviwo zeMore ezi-40 emva koko, xa zilungile, zibonisa ukusebenza kweklinikhi emele imodyuli yenkqubo. amava abafundi (umz.
Ukulungiselela ikhosi ye-PDX, abafundi baphambi kobuqhetseba bafunda iiprotocol ezifanelekileyo zokuqonda (umzobo 2) kunye noqeqesho lwe-PDX kwi-PDX SUPLEX, incwadi yokufunda emzimbeni, kunye neevidiyo ezichazayo. Ixesha lilonke elifunekayo kubafundi ukuba balungiselele ikhosi imalunga nemizuzu engama-60 ukuya kwengama-90. Ibandakanya ukufunda ipakethi yeqela (amaphepha ayi-12), ukufunda i-Wates Isahluko (~ 20), kunye nokubukela ividiyo (2-6 imizuzu) [19]. Iqela leSP4-SP liqhuba iintlanganiso ngendlela engaguqukiyo isebenzisa ifomathi echazwe kwincwadana yemigaqo (iTheyibhile 1). Baqala ukuthatha uvavanyo lomlomo (ngokufuthi imibuzo emi-5-7) kulwazi lweseshini (umz. Emva koko baphonononge iiprothokholi zokuchonga kwaye bacoce amathandabuzo abafundi abangene uqeqesho lwaphambi kokuphumelela. Intsalela yekhosi yimithambo yokugqibela. Okokuqala, abafundi belungiselela ukuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa nomzimba omnye komnye nakwi-SPI kwaye banike ingxelo kwiqela. Ekugqibeleni, i-SPI yazisa isifundo kwi "osce encinci." Abafundi basebenza ngababini ukuze bafunde ibali kwaye benze iinguqulelo malunga nemisebenzi yokufumisa olwenziwa kwi-SPI. Emva koko, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-physics ye-physics, abafundi abaphumelele i-pre-crate babeka phambili i-hypotheses kwaye baphakamise olona xilongo. Emva kwekhosi, iqela le-SPI-MS4 lihlolwe ngamnye kwaye laza laqhuba uvavanyo kunye neendawo ezichongiweyo zokuphucula uqeqesho olulandelayo (iTheyibhile 1). Impendulo yinto ephambili yekhosi. I-SPI kunye ne-MS4 babonelela ngempendulo eyahlukileyo kwiseshoni nganye: 1) njengokuba abafundi besenza imithambo omnye komnye kunye nakwi-SPI 2) ngexesha le-MINI-OSCE, i-SPI igxile kuqikelelo lweklinikhi; I-SPI kunye ne-MS4 ikwabonelela ngengxelo ebhaliweyo ngokusesikweni ekupheleni kwesemester nganye. Le ngxelo isesikweni ifakwe kwinkqubo yolawulo lwemfundo yezonyango kwi-Intanethi iRubriki ekugqibeleni kwisemester nganye kwaye ichaphazele inqanaba lokugqibela.
Abafundi abalungiselela i-quarns quins babelane ngeengcinga zabo kumava ohlolisiso olwenziwe yisebe leyunivesithi ye-George Washington iSebe lovavanyo noPhando lweMfundo. Iipesenti ezingamashumi asithoba anesixhenxe kwabafundi abasenziweyo bavumile ngamandla okanye bavumile ukuba ikhondo lokuxilongwa ngokwasemzimbeni lalixabisekile kwaye libandakanya amagqabaza achazayo:
"Ndiyakholelwa ukuba izifundo zokuxilonga ngokwasemzimbeni zezona mfundo zibalaseleyo zonyango; Umzekelo, xa ufundisa ngokwembono yomfundi wesine kunye nomonde, izixhobo ziyahambelana kwaye ziqiniswe koko kwenziwa eklasini.
"I-SPI inika icebiso elihle ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza iinkqubo kwaye linika isiluleko esigqwesileyo kwi-nues ezinokubangela ukuba zibandezelekile kwizigulana."
"I-SPI kunye ne-MS4 basebenza kakuhle kwaye babonelela ngembono entsha ngokufundisa ebaluleke kakhulu. I-MS4 inika ulwazi kwiinjongo zokufundisa kwikhondo leklinikhi.
"Ndingathanda ukuba sidibane rhoqo. Le yeyona ndawo ndiyithandayo yekhosi yezempilo kwaye ndiziva ngathi iphelela ngokukhawuleza. "
Phakathi kwabaphenduli, i-100% ye-SPI (n = 16 [100%]) kunye ne-MS4 (N = 44 [74%]) yatsho amava abo njengomfundisi-PDX, Iipesenti ezingama-91 kunye ne-93%, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwi-SPIs kunye ne-SPI4s bathi banamava njengomhlohli wePDX; amava afanelekileyo okusebenza kunye.
Uhlalutyo lwethu olubonakalayo lweempembelelo ze-MS4 zezinto abalixabisileyo kumava abo njengo-MEZO kubangelwe yile mixholo ilandelayo: 1) Ukuphumeza ithiyori yokufunda kwabantu abadala: Ukudala indawo yokufunda ekhuselekileyo. 2) Ukulungiselela Ukufundisa: Ukucwangcisa isicelo esifanelekileyo sekliniki, silindele imibuzo yokuqeqesha, kwaye sisebenzisane ukufumana iimpendulo; 3) Ukulinganisa ubungcali; I-4) ngaphezulu kokulindelweyo: Ukufika kwangethuba kunye nokuhamba kade; I-5) Ingxelo: Nikeza abafundi ngengcebiso ngemikhwa yokufunda, hayi indlela engcono ngayo yokuzalisa izifundo zovavanyo lomzimba, kunye neengcebiso ngomsebenzi.
Abafundi basesiSeko bathatha inxaxheba kwi-OSCE ye-OSCE ye-OSCE yokugqibela ekupheleni kwesemester yasentwasahlobo. Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo yethu, sithelekisa intsebenzo yabafundi abafundayo kwicandelo le-OSCIS le-OSCIY ngaphambi nasemva kokuphehlelelwa kwenkqubo ngo-2010, ngaphambi kooTistiki abafundisa ngo-PDX kwabafundi abangafundanga. Ngaphandle konyaka wenguqu ka-2010, sithelekisa izikhombisi ze-OSCE zemfundo yemfundo ka-2007-2009 ngezalathiso zango-2011 ukuya ku-014. Inani labafundi abathatha inxaxheba kwi-Osce elahliweyo ukusuka kwi-170 ukuya kwi-185 ngonyaka: Abafundi abangama-532 kwiqela lokungenelela kwangaphambili kunye ne-714 abafundi kwiqela elongeneliweyo.
Amanqaku e-OSC asusela kwi-2007-2009 no-2011 ukuya ku-2011 ukuya ku-2011442014 Sebenzisa iisampuli ezi-2 ukuthelekisa i-GPA eyongezelayo kunyaka ngamnye wexesha elidlulileyo kunye ne-GPA eyongezelelweyo yexesha elizayo isebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-T. I-GW Irb ikhulule lo phononongo kwaye yafumana imvume yabafundi yokusebenzisa ngokungaziwa ukusebenzisa idatha yabo yokufunda.
Inqaku elithetha imibuliso yomzimba olwandiselayo olwanda ukusuka kwi-83.4 (SD = 7.3, N = 8.6, I-714) emva kwenkqubo (6, 5; 95% 7.4; p <0.0001) (iTheyibhile 3). Nangona kunjalo, okoko inguqu ekufundiseni abasebenzi abangafundisiyo bayahambelana notshintsho kwikharityhulamu, umahluko kumanqaku e-OSC akanakuchazwa ngokucacileyo ngabantu abaphumeleleyo.
Imodeli ye-SPI-MS4 yeQela yindlela enobuchule ekufundiseni ulwazi olusisiseko lwemfundo kubafundi bezonyango ukuba balungiselele ukuvezwa kwangoko kweklinikhi. Oku kubonelela ngenye indlela esebenzayo yokuphatha imiqobo enxulumene nokuthatha inxaxheba kotitshala. Ikwabonelela ngexabiso elongezelelekileyo kwiqela lokufundisa kunye nabafundi babo abangaphambi kokolo (bonke bayazuza ngokufunda kunye. Izibonelelo ziquka ukubhengeza abafundi ngaphambi kokuba benze iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli zokusebenzisana [23]. Ezinye zeembono eziboniswe ngokufunda ukuba zenze imeko yobungqola [10] apho aba bafundi bafumana khona ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo yolwazi, i-2) yokuqiniswa kokuqiqa. I-MS4S ikwaxhamla kufundo lwentsebenziswano, ilungiselela umsebenzi wendlela yexesha elizayo yabasebenzi bezempilo.
Imodeli yethu ibandakanya izibonelelo zokufunda zoontanga [24]. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuqala Babonisa nophuhliso lwabo lobuchwephesha ngokufundisa oontanga abancinci kwaye basebenzisa amathuba okukhokela abafundi abakhokelayo ukuphucula nokuphucula izakhono zabo zokufundisa kunye neemviwo. Ukongeza, amava abo okufundisa abalungiselela ukuba babe ngabafundisi-ntsapho abasebenzayo ngokubaqeqesha ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokufundisa ezisisiseko.
Izifundo zafundwa ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwale modeli. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukwamkela ubuhlobo obungalinganiyo phakathi kwe-MS4 kunye ne-SPI, njengoko ezinye iidys azikwazi ukuziqonda kakuhle. Iindima ezicacileyo, iincwadana ezinemisebenzi kunye neendibano zocweyo zeqela zilungisa le micimbi. Okwesibini, uqeqesho oluneenkcukacha kufuneka lubonelelwe ukwenza imisebenzi yeqela. Ngelixa zombini iiseti zabayadi kufuneka ziqeqeshelwe ukufundisa, i-SPI nayo kufuneka iqeqeshelwe indlela yokwenza izakhono zovavanyo ezisele zizibekile. Isicwangciso sesithathu, kufuneka sikwazi ukuhlalisa ucwangciso lwe-MS4 kwaye siqinisekise ukuba lonke iqela likhona kwiseshoni nganye yovavanyo lomzimba. Iinkqubo zesine, ezintsha kulindeleke ukuba zijamelane nenteko yokuthintela ubuchwephesha nolawulo, kunye neengxoxo ezomeleleyo ngenxa yokuxabisa iindleko;
Kwisishwankathelo, imodeli yokufundisa i-SPICOTICOTION i ibonisa ubuchule bekharimu yekharityhulamu eyahlukileyo abayifunayo. Ekubeni ezi phantse zonke izikolo ze-United States kunye nezikolo ezininzi zonyango zasemnyango zisebenzisa i-SP, kwaye uninzi lwezikolo zezonyango zineenkqubo zefakhalthi zabafundi, le modeli inamandla okufumana isicelo ngokubanzi.
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Ixesha leposi: I-11 ukuya kwi-11 ukuya ku-4024