Iimodeli ze-anatomical eziprintiweyo ezinamacala amathathu (3DPAMs) zibonakala zisisixhobo esifanelekileyo ngenxa yexabiso lemfundo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka.Injongo yolu hlaziyo kukuchaza kunye nokuhlalutya iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukudala i-3DPAM yokufundisa i-anatomy yomntu kunye nokuvavanya igalelo layo lokufundisa.
Uphando lwe-elektroniki lwenziwa kwi-PubMed kusetyenziswa la magama alandelayo: imfundo, isikolo, ukufunda, ukufundisa, uqeqesho, ukufundisa, imfundo, i-three-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, printing, printing, printing, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy, kunye ne-anatomy. ..Iziphumo zibandakanya iimpawu zokufunda, uyilo lwemodeli, uvavanyo lwe-morphological, ukusebenza kwezemfundo, amandla kunye nobuthathaka.
Phakathi kwamanqaku akhethiweyo angama-68, inani elikhulu lezifundo ezijoliswe kummandla we-cranial (amanqaku angama-33);Amanqaku angama-51 akhankanya ukuprintwa kwamathambo.Kumanqaku e-47, i-3DPAM yaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwi-computed tomography.Iinkqubo zoshicilelo ezintlanu zidweliswe.Iiplastiki kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo zisetyenziswe kwizifundo ezingama-48.Uyilo ngalunye luluhlu lwexabiso ukusuka kwi-1.25 yeedola ukuya kwi-2,800 yeedola.Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe zithelekisa i-3DPAM kunye neemodeli zokubhekisela.Amanqaku angamashumi amathathu anesithathu avavanya imisebenzi yokufundisa.Iinzuzo eziphambili ngumgangatho obonakalayo kunye nochuku, ubuchule bokufunda, ukuphindaphinda, ukwenza ngokwezifiso kunye nokukhawuleza, ukugcinwa kwexesha, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-anatomy esebenzayo, ukukwazi ukujikeleza kwengqondo engcono, ukugcinwa kolwazi kunye nokwaneliseka kukatitshala / umfundi.Iingxaki eziphambili zihambelana noyilo: ukuhambelana, ukungabikho kweenkcukacha okanye ukungafihli, imibala eqaqambileyo kakhulu, ixesha elide lokuprinta kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
Olu hlaziyo lucwangcisiweyo lubonisa ukuba i-3DPAM ineendleko eziphantsi kwaye iyasebenza ekufundiseni i-anatomy.Iimodeli ezinokwenyani ezithe kratya zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yoshicilelo ye-3D ebiza kakhulu kunye namaxesha oyilo amade, okuya kwandisa kakhulu iindleko zizonke.Into ephambili kukuba ukhethe indlela efanelekileyo yokucinga.Ngokwembono yokufundisa, i-3DPAM sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufundisa i-anatomy, enefuthe elihle kwiziphumo zokufunda kunye nokwaneliseka.Impembelelo yokufundisa ye-3DPAM ingcono xa ivelisa imimandla ye-anatomical enzima kwaye abafundi bayisebenzisa kwangoko kuqeqesho lwabo lwezonyango.
Ukukhutshwa kwezidumbu zezilwanyana kuye kwenziwa ukususela kwiGrisi yamandulo kwaye yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokufundisa i-anatomy.I-Cadaveric dissections eyenziwa ngexesha loqeqesho olusebenzayo isetyenziswe kwikharityhulam yethiyori yabafundi bezonyango beyunivesithi kwaye ngoku ithathwa njengomgangatho wegolide wokufunda i-anatomy [1,2,3,4,5].Nangona kunjalo, kukho imiqobo emininzi ekusetyenzisweni kweesampulu ze-cadaveric zabantu, ezikhuthaza ukukhangela izixhobo ezintsha zoqeqesho [6, 7].Ezinye zezi zixhobo zitsha ziquka inyani eyongeziweyo, izixhobo zedijithali, kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D.Ngokophononongo lwamva nje loncwadi nguSantos et al.[8] Ngokwexabiso lobu buchwepheshe butsha bokufundisa i-anatomy, ushicilelo lwe-3D lubonakala lulolona ncedo lubalulekileyo, kokubini ngokwexabiso lemfundo kubafundi kunye nokwenziwa kokuphunyezwa [4,9,10] .
Ushicilelo lwe-3D alunto intsha.Amalungelo awodwa abenzi bokuqala anxulumene nobu buchwepheshe asusela ngo-1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte kunye noJC André eFransi, kunye neeveki ezintathu kamva uC Hull e-USA.Ukususela ngoko, iteknoloji iqhubekile nokuguquka kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwanda kwiindawo ezininzi.Ngokomzekelo, i-NASA yashicilela into yokuqala ngaphaya koMhlaba ngo-2014 [11].Indawo yezonyango ikwamkele esi sixhobo sitsha, ngaloo ndlela inyusa umnqweno wokuphuhlisa amayeza omntu [12].
Ababhali abaninzi baye babonisa iingenelo zokusebenzisa imodeli ye-anatomical eprintiweyo ye-3D (3DPAM) kwimfundo yezonyango [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].Xa ufundisa i-anatomy yomntu, imodeli engeyiyo ye-pathological kunye ne-anatomically eqhelekileyo iyafuneka.Olunye uphononongo luye lwavavanya iimodeli zoqeqesho lwe-pathological okanye unyango / utyando [8, 20, 21].Ukuphuhlisa imodeli engumxube yokufundisa i-anatomy yomntu ebandakanya izixhobo ezitsha ezifana noshicilelo lwe-3D, senze uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo ukuchaza kunye nokuhlalutya indlela izinto eziprintiweyo ze-3D zenziwa ngayo ukufundisa i-anatomy yomntu kunye nendlela abafundi abavavanya ngayo impumelelo yokufunda besebenzisa ezi zinto ze-3D.
Olu hlaziyo loncwadi olucwangcisiweyo lwenziwe ngoJuni 2022 ngaphandle kwemiqathango yexesha usebenzisa i-PRISMA (Izinto eziKhethekileyo zokuNika iNgxelo yokuPhononongwa okuCwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lweMeta) izikhokelo [22].
Indlela yokubandakanywa yayingawo onke amaphepha ophando asebenzisa i-3DPAM ekufundiseni / ekufundeni kwe-anatomy.Uphononongo loncwadi, iileta, okanye amanqaku agxininise kwiimodeli ze-pathological, imodeli yezilwanyana, imodeli ye-archaeological, kunye neemodeli zoqeqesho lwezonyango/zotyando azibandakanywanga.Ngamanqaku apapashwe ngesiNgesi kuphela akhethiweyo.Amanqaku angenazo izishwankathelo ezifumanekayo kwi-intanethi ayengabandakanywa.Amanqaku abandakanya iimodeli ezininzi, ubuncinci enye yazo ibiyi-anatomically eqhelekileyo okanye ene-pathology encinci engachaphazeli ixabiso lokufundisa, afakiwe.
Uphando loncwadi lwenziwe kwiziko ledatha le-elektroniki i-PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) ukuchonga izifundo ezifanelekileyo ezipapashwe ukuya kutsho kuJuni 2022. Sebenzisa la magama ophando alandelayo: imfundo, isikolo, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, ukufunda, ukufundisa, imfundo, ezintathu- idimensional, 3D, 3D, printing, printing, printing, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy kunye ne-anatomy.Kuye kwenziwa umbuzo omnye: (((imfundo[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] OKANYE isikolo[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] ORIsifundo[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] OKANYE ukufundisa[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] OKANYE uqeqesho[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] OReach[Isihloko/ esishwankathelwayo] ] OKANYE Imfundo [Isihloko/isishwankathelo]) KUNYE (Imilinganiselo emiThathu [Isihloko] OKANYE i-3D [Isihloko] OKANYE i-3D [Isihloko])) KUNYE (Shicilela [Isihloko] OKANYE Shicilela [Isihloko] OKANYE Shicilela [Isihloko])) KUNYE (I-Anatomy) [Isihloko ] ]/i-abstract] okanye i-anatomy [isihloko/i-abstract] okanye i-anatomy [isihloko/i-abstract] okanye i-anatomy [isihloko/i-abstract]).Amanqaku ongezelelweyo achongiwe ngokukhangela ngesandla kwi-database ye-PubMed kunye nokuphonononga iireferensi zamanye amanqaku enzululwazi.Akukho zithintelo zomhla zisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa isihluzo "soMntu" sisetyenzisiwe.
Zonke izihloko ezifunyenweyo kunye nee-abstracts zihlolwe ngokuchasene nokubandakanywa kunye neendlela zokukhutshwa ngababhali ababini (i-EBR kunye ne-AL), kwaye naluphi na uphononongo olungahambelani nazo zonke iindlela zokufaneleka alubandakanywanga.Upapasho olupheleleyo lwezifundo eziseleyo zafunyanwa kwaye zahlaziywa ngababhali abathathu (EBR, EBE kunye ne-AL).Xa kuyimfuneko, ukungavumelani ekukhethweni kwamanqaku kwasonjululwa ngumntu wesine (LT).Ushicilelo oluye lwahlangabezana nazo zonke iindlela zokubandakanywa luqukiwe kolu hlaziyo.
Ukukhutshwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo ngababhali ababini (EBR kunye ne-AL) phantsi kweliso lombhali wesithathu (LT).
- Idatha yokuyila imodeli: imimandla ye-anatomical, iinxalenye ezithile ze-anatomical, imodeli yokuqala yoshicilelo lwe-3D, indlela yokufumana, i-segmentation kunye nesofthiwe yemodeli, uhlobo lomshicileli we-3D, uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobuninzi, isikali sokushicilela, umbala, iindleko zokuprinta.
- Uvavanyo lwe-morphological lwemizekelo: imizekelo esetyenziselwa uthelekiso, uvavanyo lwezonyango lweengcali/ootishala, inani labavavanyi, uhlobo lovavanyo.
- Ukufundisa imodeli ye-3D: uhlolo lolwazi lomfundi, indlela yokuhlola, inani labafundi, inani lamaqela othelekiso, ukungakhethi kwabafundi, imfundo / uhlobo lomfundi.
Izifundo ze-418 zichongiwe kwi-MEDLINE, kwaye amanqaku e-139 ayengabandakanywanga "umntu" wokucoca.Emva kokuphonononga izihloko kunye nezishwankathelo, izifundo ezili-103 zakhethwa ukuba zifundwe ngokupheleleyo.Amanqaku e-34 ayengabandakanywanga ngenxa yokuba yayiyimizekelo ye-pathological (amanqaku e-9), imodeli yoqeqesho lwezonyango / utyando (amanqaku e-4), imizekelo yezilwanyana (amanqaku e-4), imizekelo ye-radiological ye-3D (inqaku le-1) okanye yayingengamanqaku enzululwazi asekuqaleni (izahluko ze-16).).Amanqaku angama-68 afakiwe kuphononongo.Umzobo 1 ubonisa inkqubo yokhetho njengeflowu tshati.
Itshathi equkuqelayo eshwankathela ukuchongwa, ukukhangela, kunye nokufakwa kwamanqaku kolu hlaziyo olucwangcisiweyo
Zonke izifundo zipapashwe phakathi kuka-2014 kunye no-2022, kunye nomndilili wopapasho wonyaka ka-2019. Phakathi kwamanqaku angama-68 afakiwe, izifundo ezingama-33 (49%) zazichaza kwaye zizama, i-17 (25%) yayiyi-experimental, kwaye i-18 (26%) yayiyi- yokulinga.Iyachaza ngokupheleleyo.Kwizifundo zovavanyo ze-50 (73%), i-21 (31%) isebenzise i-randomization.Izifundo ze-34 kuphela (50%) zibandakanya uhlalutyo lwamanani.Itheyibhile 1 ishwankathela iimpawu zesifundo ngasinye.
Amanqaku e-33 (48%) ahlolisise ummandla wentloko, amanqaku e-19 (28%) ahlolisise indawo ye-thoracic, amanqaku e-17 (i-25%) ahlolisise ummandla we-abdominopelvic, kunye namanqaku e-15 (22%) ahlolisise iziphelo.Amanqaku angamashumi amahlanu ananye (75%) akhankanye amathambo e-3D ashicilelweyo njengeemodeli ze-anatomical okanye iimodeli ze-anatomical ezininzi.
Ngokuphathelele kwiimodeli zomthombo okanye iifayile ezisetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa i-3DPAM, amanqaku e-23 (34%) akhankanye ukusetyenziswa kwedatha yesigulane, amanqaku e-20 (29%) akhankanya ukusetyenziswa kwedatha ye-cadaveric, kunye namanqaku e-17 (25%) akhankanya ukusetyenziswa kwedatha.zisetyenzisiwe, kwaye izifundo ezi-7 (10%) azizange zichaze umthombo wamaxwebhu asetyenzisiweyo.
Izifundo ze-47 (i-69%) ziphuhlise i-3DPAM ngokusekelwe kwi-tomography ekhompyutheni, kunye nezifundo ze-3 (4%) zichaze ukusetyenziswa kwe-microCT.Amanqaku e-7 (10%) aqikelele izinto ze-3D usebenzisa i-scanners optical, amanqaku e-4 (6%) esebenzisa i-MRI, kunye ne-1 inqaku (1%) esebenzisa iikhamera kunye ne-microscopes.Amanqaku e-14 (21%) akazange achaze umthombo weefayile zomthombo woyilo lwemodeli ye-3D.Iifayile ze-3D zenziwe ngesisombululo somndilili wesithuba esingaphantsi kwe-0.5 mm.Isisombululo esiphezulu yi-30 μm [80] kwaye isisombululo esiphezulu yi-1.5 mm [32].
Kwasetyenziswa amashumi amathandathu eenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zesoftware (ukwahlulwa, umfuziselo, uyilo okanye ushicilelo).Imimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) yayisetyenziswa rhoqo (izifundo ze-14, i-21%), ilandelwa nguMeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (izifundo ze-13, i-19%), i-Geomagic (i-3D System, MO, NC, Leesville) .(izifundo ze-10, i-15%), i-3D Slicer (i-Slicer Developer Training, i-Boston, MA) (izifundo ze-9, i-13%), i-Blender (i-Blender Foundation, i-Amsterdam, i-Netherlands) (izifundo ze-8, i-12%) kunye ne-CURA (i-Geldemarsen, e-Netherlands) (Izifundo ezisi-7, i-10%).
Amashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe imifuziselo yomshicileli eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zoshicilelo ezintlanu zikhankanyiwe.Ithekhnoloji ye-FDM (iFused Deposition Modeling) isetyenziswe kwiimveliso ezingama-26 (38%), ukuqhushumba kwemathiriyeli kwiimveliso ezili-13 (19%) kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuqhushumba kwe-binder (iimveliso ezili-11, i-16%).Ubuchwephesha obuncinci obusetyenziswayo yi-stereolithography (SLA) (amanqaku ama-5, i-7%) kunye ne-laser sintering ekhethiweyo (SLS) (amanqaku ama-4, i-6%).Umshicileli osetyenziswa kakhulu (amanqaku ayi-7, i-10%) yiConnex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Xa ucacisa izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-3DPAM (amanqaku angama-51, i-75%), izifundo ze-48 (71%) ezisetyenzisiweyo iiplastiki kunye ne-derivatives yazo.Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo yi-PLA (i-polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), i-resin (n = 9, 13%) kunye ne-ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (iintlobo ze-7, i-10%).Amanqaku angama-23 (34%) avavanya i-3DPAM eyenziwe kwizinto ezininzi, amanqaku angama-36 (53%) abonise i-3DPAM eyenziwe ngezinto enye kuphela, kwaye amanqaku angama-9 (13%) awazange achaze nto.
Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesithoba (43%) anike ingxelo yoshicilelo olusuka ku-0.25:1 ukuya ku-2:1, kunye ne-avareji ye-1:1.Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesihlanu (37%) asebenzise umlinganiselo we-1:1.I-28 3DPAMs (41%) yayinemibala emininzi, kwaye i-9 (13%) idayiwe emva kokushicilela [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Amanqaku angamashumi amathathu anesine (50%) akhankanye iindleko.Amanqaku ali-9 (13%) akhankanya ixabiso labashicileli be-3D kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada.Abashicileli bahluka kwixabiso ukusuka kwi-302 yeedola ukuya kwi-65,000 yeedola.Xa kucacisiwe, ixabiso lemodeli livela kwi-$ 1.25 ukuya kwi-$ 2,800;ezi zigqithiso zihambelana nemizekelo yamathambo [47] kunye neemodeli ezithembekileyo ze-retroperitoneal [48].Itheyibhile 2 ishwankathela idatha yomzekelo kwisifundo ngasinye esibandakanyiweyo.
Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe (54%) zithelekisa i-3DAPM kwimodeli yereferensi.Phakathi kwezi zifundo, uthelekiso oluqhelekileyo lwaluyimodeli yereferensi ye-anatomical, esetyenziswe kumanqaku e-14 (38%), amalungiselelo e-plastinated kumanqaku e-6 (16%), amalungiselelo afakwe kwi-6 amanqaku (16%).Ukusetyenziswa kwenyani ebonakalayo, i-computed tomography imaging enye ye-3DPAM kumanqaku e-5 (14%), enye i-3DPAM kumanqaku e-3 (8%), imidlalo enzulu kwinqaku le-1 (3%), i-radiographs kwinqaku le-1 (3%), imodeli zoshishino kwi Inqaku le-1 (3%) kunye nenyani eyongeziweyo kwinqaku le-1 (3%).Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesine (50%) zivavanywe i-3DPAM.Uphononongo olulishumi elinesihlanu (48%) luchaze amava amaxabiso ngokweenkcukacha (iThebhile 3).I-3DPAM yenziwe ngoogqirha okanye oogqirha abaya kwii-7 izifundo (47%), iingcali ze-anatomical kwizifundo ze-6 (40%), abafundi kwizifundo ze-3 (20%), ootitshala (ukuziphatha okungachazwanga) kwizifundo ze-3 (20%) zokuvavanya kunye nomvavanyi omnye kwinqaku (7%).I-avareji yenani labavavanyi li-14 (ubuncinci be-2, ubuninzi be-30).Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu (49%) zivavanye i-3DPAM morphology ngokomgangatho, kunye nezifundo ezili-10 (15%) zavavanya i-3DPAM morphology ngokobungakanani.Kwizifundo ezingama-33 ezisebenzise iimvavanyo zomgangatho, i-16 isebenzise iimvavanyo ezichazayo kuphela (48%), ezili-9 ezisetyenzisiweyo iimvavanyo/amanqaku/uvavanyo (27%), nesi-8 sasebenzisa isikali seLikert (24%).Itheyibhile 3 ishwankathela uvavanyo lwe-morphological yemizekelo kwisifundo ngasinye esibandakanyiweyo.
Amanqaku angamashumi amathathu anesithathu (48%) avavanya kwaye athelekisa impumelelo yokufundisa i-3DPAM kubafundi.Kwezi zifundo, amanqaku angama-23 (70%) avavanya ukwaneliseka kwabafundi, i-17 (51%) isebenzise izikali zeLikert, kwaye i-6 (18%) isebenzise ezinye iindlela.Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesibini (67%) avavanya ukufunda kwabafundi ngovavanyo lolwazi, apho i-10 (30%) isebenzise uvavanyo lwangaphambili kunye/okanye uvavanyo lwasemva.Izifundo ezilishumi elinanye (33%) zisebenzise imibuzo yokhetho oluninzi kunye neemvavanyo ukuvavanya ulwazi lwabafundi, kwaye izifundo ezihlanu (15%) zisebenzise ukuleyibhile kwemifanekiso/ukuchongwa kwe-anatomical.Umndilili wabafundi abangama-76 abathathe inxaxheba kuphononongo ngalunye (ubuncinane besi-8, abona baninzi babe ngama-319).Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesine (72%) zineqela lokulawula, apho i-20 (60%) isebenzise i-randomization.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isifundo esinye (3%) sabela ngokungenamkhethe iimodeli ze-anatomical kubafundi abali-10 abahlukeneyo.Ngokomyinge, amaqela angama-2.6 athelekiswa (ubuncinci be-2, ubuninzi be-10).Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesithathu (70%) zibandakanya abafundi bezonyango, apho i-14 (42%) ibingabafundi bobugqirha abakunyaka wokuqala.Izifundo ezintandathu (18%) zibandakanya abahlali, isi-4 (12%) sabafundi bamazinyo, kunye nesi-3 (9%) sabafundi benzululwazi.Izifundo ezithandathu (18%) ziphunyeziwe kwaye zavavanya ukuzimela geqe kusetyenziswa i-3DPAM.Uluhlu 4 lushwankathela iziphumo zovavanyo lwempumelelo yokufundisa lwe-3DPAM kwisifundo ngasinye esibandakanyiweyo.
Iinzuzo eziphambili ezichazwe ngababhali bokusebenzisa i-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufundisa i-anatomy yomntu eqhelekileyo yimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye ne-tactile, kubandakanywa nokwenyani [55, 67], ukuchaneka [44, 50, 72, 85], kunye nokuguquguquka kokuguquguquka [34, 45] ]., 48, 64], umbala kunye nokungafihli [28, 45], ukuqina [24, 56, 73], umphumo wemfundo [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], iindleko [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], ukuveliswa kwakhona [80], ukuphuculwa okanye ukwenziwa komntu [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61] I-67, i-80], ukukwazi ukuphatha abafundi [30, 49], ukugcina ixesha lokufundisa [61, 80], ukukhululeka kokugcinwa [61], ukukwazi ukudibanisa i-anatomy esebenzayo okanye ukudala izakhiwo ezithile [51, 53], 67] , uyilo olukhawulezayo lweemodeli zamathambo [81], ukukwazi ukwenza imodeli kunye nokuzithatha ekhaya [49, 60, 71], ukuphucula ukujikeleza kwengqondo [23] kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi [32], kunye notitshala [ 25, 63] kunye nokwaneliseka kwabafundi [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Iintsilelo eziphambili zihambelana noyilo: ukuqina [80], ukuhambelana [28, 62], ukungabikho kweenkcukacha okanye ukucaca [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], imibala ekhanyayo kakhulu [45].kunye nobuthathaka bomgangatho[71].Ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo zibandakanya ukulahleka kolwazi [30, 76], ixesha elide elifunekayo kwisahlulo somfanekiso [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], ixesha lokushicilela [57, 63, 66, 67], ukungabikho kokuguquguquka kwe-anatomical [25], kunye neendleko.Phezulu[48].
Olu hlaziyo lucwangcisiweyo lushwankathela amanqaku angama-68 apapashwe kwiminyaka eyi-9 kwaye luqaqambisa umdla woluntu lwenzululwazi kwi-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufundisa i-anatomy eqhelekileyo yomntu.Ummandla ngamnye we-anatomical wafundwa kwaye i-3D yaprintwa.Kula manqaku, amanqaku e-37 athelekisa i-3DPAM kunye nezinye iimodeli, kunye namanqaku e-33 avavanya ukufaneleka kwe-pedagogical ye-3DPAM kubafundi.
Ngenxa yokungafani koyilo lwezifundo zokuprinta ze-3D ze-anatomical, asizange sikubone kufanelekile ukwenza uhlalutyo lwe-meta.Uhlalutyo lwe-meta olupapashwe ngo-2020 lugxile kakhulu kwiimvavanyo zolwazi lwe-anatomical emva koqeqesho ngaphandle kokuhlalutya imiba yobugcisa kunye neteknoloji yoyilo lwe-3DPAM kunye nokuveliswa [10].
Ummandla oyintloko ngowona wafundwayo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ukuntsokotha kwe-anatomy yawo kwenza kube nzima kubafundi ukubonisa lo mmandla we-anatomical kwisithuba esinamacala amathathu xa kuthelekiswa namalungu okanye umzimba.I-CT yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokujonga umfanekiso.Le ndlela yobugcisa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kwizicwangciso zonyango, kodwa inesisombululo esilinganiselweyo sendawo kunye nokwahluka kwezicubu ezithambileyo ezisezantsi.Ezi zithintelo zenza i-CT scans ayifanelekanga ukwahlula kunye nomzekelo wenkqubo ye-nervous.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-computed tomography ifaneleka ngakumbi kwi-bone tissue segmentation / modeling;Umahluko wethambo / othambileyo unceda ukugqiba la manyathelo phambi koshicilelo lwe-3D yeemodeli ze-anatomical.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-microCT ithathwa njengetekhnoloji yereferensi ngokwemiqathango yesisombululo sendawo kwi-image yethambo [70].Izikena ze-Optical scanner okanye iMRI nazo zingasetyenziswa ukufumana imifanekiso.Isisombululo esiphezulu sithintela ukugudiswa kwamathambo kunye nokugcina ubuqili bezakhiwo ze-anatomical [59].Ukukhethwa kwemodeli kwakhona kuchaphazela isisombululo sendawo: umzekelo, iimodeli zeplastiki zinesisombululo esisezantsi [45].Abaqulunqi bomzobo kufuneka benze iimodeli ze-3D zesiko, ezinyusa iindleko (i-25 yeedola ukuya kwi-150 yeedola ngeyure) [43].Ukufumana iifayile eziphezulu ze-.STL akwanelanga ukwenza iimodeli ze-anatomical ezikumgangatho ophezulu.Kuyimfuneko ukumisela iiparamitha zokuprinta, ezifana nokuqhelaniswa kwemodeli ye-anatomical kwipleyiti yokushicilela [29].Abanye ababhali bacebisa ukuba ubugcisa bokushicilela obuphambili obufana ne-SLS kufuneka busetyenziswe naphi na apho kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-3DPAM [38].Ukuveliswa kwe-3DPAM kufuna uncedo lwengcali;iingcaphephe ezifunwa kakhulu ziinjineli [72], radiologists, [75], abayili bemizobo [43] kunye ne anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Ukwahlulahlula kunye nesoftware yemodeli zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekufumaneni iimodeli ezichanekileyo ze-anatomical, kodwa iindleko zezi phakheji zesoftware kunye nobunzima bazo zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo.Izifundo ezininzi ziye zathelekisa ukusetyenziswa kweepakethe zesoftware ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokushicilela, kuqaqambisa iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga kwetekhnoloji nganye [68].Ukongeza kwisoftware yomfuziselo, isoftwe yoshicilelo ehambelana nomshicileli okhethiweyo nayo iyafuneka;abanye ababhali bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-intanethi ye-3D yoshicilelo [75].Ukuba izinto ezaneleyo ze-3D zishicilelwe, utyalo-mali lunokukhokelela kwimbuyekezo yemali [72].
Iplastiki yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu.Uluhlu lwayo olubanzi lwemibala kunye nemibala yenza kube yinto ekhethiweyo ye-3DPAM.Abanye ababhali baye bancoma amandla ayo aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nemizekelo ye-cadaveric yendabuko okanye i-plastinated [24, 56, 73].Ezinye iiplastiki zineempawu zokugoba okanye zolula.Ngokomzekelo, i-Filaflex eneteknoloji ye-FDM inokwelula ukuya kwi-700%.Abanye ababhali bayithatha njengento ekhethwayo kwimisipha, i-tendon kunye ne-ligament replication [63].Kwelinye icala, amaphononongo amabini aphakamise imibuzo malunga nefiber orientation ngexesha loshicilelo.Enyanisweni, i-muscle fiber orientation, ukufakwa, ukungabikho, kunye nokusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu kwimodeli ye-muscle [33].
Okumangalisayo kukuba, zimbalwa izifundo ezikhankanya ubungakanani boshicilelo.Ekubeni abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba umlinganiselo we-1:1 usemgangathweni, umbhali usenokuba ukhethe ukungawukhankanyi.Nangona ukunyusa kuya kuba luncedo ekufundeni ngokuthe ngqo kumaqela amakhulu, ukuba nokwenzeka kokulinganisa akukaphononongwa, ngakumbi ngokukhula kobukhulu beklasi kunye nobukhulu bomzimba bemodeli yinto ebalulekileyo.Kambe ke, izikali ezipheleleyo zenza kube lula ukufumana nokunxibelelana nezinto ezahlukeneyo ze-anatomical kumguli, nto leyo enokuchaza isizathu sokuba zisoloko zisetyenziswa.
Kwabaninzi abashicileli abakhoyo kwimarike, abo basebenzisa i-PolyJet (izinto okanye inkjet yokubopha) ubuchwephesha ukunika umbala kunye ne-multi-layer (kwaye ngoko ke ukuthungwa okuninzi) ixabiso eliphezulu loshicilelo phakathi kwe US$20,000 kunye ne US$250,000 (https://www .aniwaa.com/).Ezi ndleko ziphezulu zinokunciphisa ukunyuselwa kwe-3DPAM kwizikolo zonyango.Ukongeza kwiindleko zomshicileli, ixabiso lezinto ezifunekayo zoshicilelo lwe-inkjet ziphezulu kune-SLA okanye i-FDM printers [68].Amaxabiso e-SLA okanye abashicileli be-FDM nawo afikeleleka ngakumbi, ukusuka kwi-576 ukuya kwi-4,999 € kumanqaku adweliswe kolu hlaziyo.Ngokutsho Tripodi kunye noogxa, inxalenye skeletal nganye ingaprintwa US $ 1.25 [47].Izifundo ezilishumi elinanye zigqibe kwelokuba ushicilelo lwe-3D lushibhile kuneplastiki okanye iimodeli zorhwebo [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83].Ngaphezu koko, ezi modeli zorhwebo ziyilelwe ukubonelela ngolwazi lwesigulana ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ezaneleyo zokufundisa i-anatomy [80].Ezi modeli zorhwebo zibhekwa ngaphantsi kwe-3DPAM [44].Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ngaphezu kobugcisa bokushicilela obusetyenzisiweyo, iindleko zokugqibela zihambelana nesikali kwaye ngoko ke ubukhulu bokugqibela be-3DPAM [48].Ngenxa yezi zizathu, isikali esipheleleyo sikhethwa [37].
Isifundo esinye kuphela esithelekisa i-3DPAM kunye neemodeli ze-anatomical ezithengiswayo [72].Iisampulu zeCadaveric zezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-3DPAM.Ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa kwabo, iimodeli ze-cadaveric zihlala zisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufundisa i-anatomy.Kufuneka kwenziwe umahluko phakathi kwe-autopsy, i-dissection kunye nethambo elomileyo.Ngokusekelwe kwiimvavanyo zoqeqesho, izifundo ezimbini zibonise ukuba i-3DPAM yayisebenza kakhulu kune-plastinated dissection [16, 27].Olunye uphando luqhathanise iyure enye yoqeqesho usebenzisa i-3DPAM (indawo ephantsi) kunye neyure enye yokuchithwa kwendawo efanayo ye-anatomical [78].Kwakungekho mahluko uphawulekayo phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini zokufundisa.Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho uphando oluncinci kwesi sihloko kuba kunzima ukwenza uthelekiso olunjalo.I-Dissection lulungiselelo oluthatha ixesha kubafundi.Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka iiyure ezininzi zokulungiselela, kuxhomekeka kwinto elungiswayo.Uthelekiso lwesithathu lunokwenziwa ngamathambo omileyo.Uphononongo olwenziwa nguTsai noSmith lufumene ukuba amanqaku ovavanyo ayengcono kakhulu kwiqela esebenzisa i-3DPAM [51, 63].U-Chen kunye noogxa bakhe baqaphele ukuba abafundi abasebenzisa imodeli ye-3D baqhube ngcono ekuchongeni izakhiwo (iingqayi), kodwa akukho mahluko kumanqaku e-MCQ [69].Ekugqibeleni, uTanner kunye noogxa babonisa iziphumo ezingcono emva kovavanyo kweli qela usebenzisa i-3DPAM ye-pterygopalatine fossa [46].Ezinye izixhobo zokufundisa ezitsha zachongwa kolu phononongo loncwadi.Ezona zixhaphakileyo phakathi kwazo yinyani eyandisiweyo, inyani yenyani kunye nemidlalo enzulu [43].Ngokuka-Mahrous kunye noogxa bakhe, ukukhetha iimodeli ze-anatomical kuxhomekeke kwinani leeyure abafundi abadlala imidlalo yevidiyo [31].Kwelinye icala, eyona nto iphambili isemva kwezixhobo zokufundisa ze-anatomy yingxelo ye-haptic, ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezichanekileyo [48].
Uninzi lwezifundo ezivavanya i-3DPAM entsha zisebenzise uvavanyo lwangaphambili lolwazi.Olu vavanyo lwangaphambili lunceda ukuphepha ukuthambekela kuvavanyo.Abanye ababhali, phambi kokuba benze izifundo zovavanyo, bangabandakanyi bonke abafundi abafumene amanqaku angaphezu komndilili kuvavanyo lokuqala [40].Phakathi kocalucalulo lweGaras kunye noogxa abakhankanywe ngumbala wemodeli kunye nokukhethwa kwamavolontiya eklasini yabafundi [61].Ukucoca kunceda ukuchongwa kwezakhiwo ze-anatomical.U-Chen kunye noogxa baseka iimeko zovavanyo ezingqongqo kungekho mahluko wokuqala phakathi kwamaqela kwaye uphononongo lwalumfamekile kubungakanani obunokwenzeka [69].U-Lim kunye noogxa batusa ukuba uvavanyo lwasemva kovavanyo lugqitywe ngumntu wesithathu ukuphepha ukuchasana kuvavanyo [16].Ezinye izifundo zisebenzise izikali ze-Likert ukuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kwe-3DPAM.Esi sixhobo sifanelekile ukuvavanya ukwaneliseka, kodwa kusekho izinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqaphela [86].
Ukufaneleka kwezemfundo kwe-3DPAM kwavavanywa ngokuyinhloko phakathi kwabafundi bezonyango, kubandakanywa nabafundi bezonyango bokuqala, kwi-14 yezifundo ze-33.Kuphononongo lwabo lokulinga, u-Wilk kunye noogxa bakhe banike ingxelo yokuba abafundi bezonyango bakholelwa ukuba ushicilelo lwe-3D kufuneka luqukwe ekufundeni kwabo kwe-anatomy [87].I-87% yabafundi abaphononongwa kwisifundo seCercenelli bakholelwa ukuba unyaka wesibini wokufunda lelona xesha lifanelekileyo lokusebenzisa i-3DPAM [84].Iziphumo zeTanner kunye noogxa nabo babonise ukuba abafundi baqhube ngcono ukuba abazange bafunde intsimi [46].Ezi datha zibonisa ukuba unyaka wokuqala wesikolo sezonyango lelona xesha lifanelekileyo lokubandakanya i-3DPAM ekufundiseni i-anatomy.Ye's meta-analysis ixhase le ngcamango [18].Kumanqaku e-27 afakwe kwisifundo, kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kumanqaku okuvavanya phakathi kwe-3DPAM kunye neemodeli zendabuko zabafundi bezonyango, kodwa kungekhona kubahlali.
I-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufunda siphucula impumelelo yezifundo [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], ukugcinwa kolwazi lwexesha elide [32], kunye nokwaneliseka kwabafundi [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63] , 66]., 69 , 84].Iiphaneli zeengcali nazo zifumene le mizekelo iluncedo [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], kunye nezifundo ezimbini zifumene ukwaneliseka kootitshala nge-3DPAM [25, 63].Kuyo yonke imithombo, i-Backhouse kunye noogxa bajonga ushicilelo lwe-3D njengeyona ndlela ingcono kwiimodeli zemveli ze-anatomical [49].Kwi-meta-analysis yabo yokuqala, Wena kunye noogxa baqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abafumana imiyalelo ye-3DPAM babenamanqaku angcono emva kovavanyo kunabafundi abafumana i-2D okanye imiyalelo ye-cadaver [10].Nangona kunjalo, bahlula i-3DPAM kungekhona ngokuntsonkotha, kodwa nje ngentliziyo, inkqubo ye-nervous, kunye nesisu sesisu.Kwizifundo ezisixhenxe, i-3DPAM ayizange iphumelele ezinye iimodeli ezisekelwe kwiimvavanyo zolwazi ezinikezelwa kubafundi [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84].Kwi-meta-analysis yabo, uSalazar kunye noogxa baphetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM kuphucula ngokukodwa ukuqonda kwe-anatomy enzima [17].Le ngcamango iyahambelana neleta kaHitas eya kumhleli [88].Eminye imimandla ye-anatomical ethathwa njengento enzima kakhulu ayifuni ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM, ngelixa iindawo ezinzima ze-anatomical (ezifana nentamo okanye inkqubo ye-nervous) ziya kuba lukhetho olunengqiqo kwi-3DPAM.Le ngcamango inokuchaza ukuba kutheni ezinye ii-3DPAM zingathathwa njengezona ziphakamileyo kwiimodeli zendabuko, ngakumbi xa abafundi bengenalo ulwazi kwi-domain apho imodeli yokusebenza ifunyenwe iphezulu.Ngaloo ndlela, ukubonisa imodeli elula kubafundi abasele benolwazi oluthile ngesifundo (abafundi bezonyango okanye abahlali) akuloncedo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwabafundi.
Kuzo zonke iinzuzo zemfundo ezidwelisiweyo, izifundo ze-11 zigxininise iimpawu ezibonakalayo okanye ezithintekayo zeemodeli [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], kunye nezifundo ze-3 ziphucule amandla kunye nokuqina (33) , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86).Ezinye iingenelo kukuba abafundi bayakwazi ukuxhaphaza izakhiwo, ootitshala banokonga ixesha, kulula ukulondolozwa kune-cadavers, iprojekthi inokugqitywa kwiiyure ezingama-24, inokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokufunda ekhaya, kwaye inokusetyenziswa ukufundisa izixa ezikhulu. yolwazi.amaqela [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81].Ukuphinda-phindwa kwe-3D yoshicilelo lwe-volume ephezulu yokufundisa kwe-anatomy kwenza iimodeli zoshicilelo ze-3D zingabizi kakhulu [26].Ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM kunokuphucula amandla okujikeleza kwengqondo [23] kunye nokuphucula ukuchazwa kwemifanekiso enqamlezileyo [23, 32].Izifundo ezimbini zifumene ukuba abafundi abavezwe kwi-3DPAM banokuthi bafumane utyando [40, 74].Iziqhagamshelo zetsimbi zinokufakelwa ukudala intshukumo efunekayo yokufunda i-anatomy esebenzayo [51, 53], okanye iimodeli zinokuprintwa kusetyenziswa i-trigger designs [67].
Ushicilelo lwe-3D luvumela ukudalwa kweemodeli eziguquguqukayo ze-anatomical ngokuphucula imiba ethile ngexesha lokulinganisa, [48, 80] ukudala isiseko esifanelekileyo, [59] ukudibanisa iimodeli ezininzi, [36] usebenzisa ukucaca, (49) umbala, [45] okanye ukwenza izakhiwo ezithile zangaphakathi zibonakale [30].I-Tripodi kunye noogxa basebenzisa udongwe oluqingqiweyo ukuze bancedise imodeli yabo ye-3D eprintiweyo yamathambo, begxininisa ixabiso leemodeli ezidalwe ngokubambisana njengezixhobo zokufundisa [47].Kwizifundo ezisi-9, kwafakwa umbala emva kokushicilela [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], kodwa abafundi bawusebenzisa kube kanye kuphela [49].Ngelishwa, uphononongo aluzange luvavanye umgangatho woqeqesho lwemodeli okanye ukulandelelana koqeqesho.Oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kumxholo wemfundo ye-anatomy, njengoko izibonelelo zokufunda ezidibeneyo kunye nokudala ngokubambisana zisekwe kakuhle [89].Ukujamelana nomsebenzi wokukhangisa okhulayo, ukuzifundela kusetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi ukuvavanya iimodeli [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Olunye uphando lugqibe kwelokuba umbala wezinto zeplastiki wawuqaqambe kakhulu[45], olunye uphononongo lwagqiba ekubeni imodeli yayibuthathaka kakhulu[71], kwaye ezinye izifundo ezimbini zibonise ukunqongophala kokungafani kwe-anatomical kuyilo lweemodeli zomntu ngamnye[25,45] ]..Izifundo ezisixhenxe zagqiba ukuba iinkcukacha ze-anatomical ye-3DPAM ayanelanga [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Ukufumana imodeli eneenkcukacha ye-anatomical yemimandla emikhulu kunye neyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-retroperitoneum okanye i-cervical spine, i-segmentation kunye nexesha lokulinganisa libhekwa njengelide kakhulu kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu (malunga ne-US $ 2000) [27, 48].UHojo kunye noogxa babo bathi kwisifundo sabo ukuba kuthathe iiyure ezingama-40 ukwenza imodeli ye-anatomical ye-pelvis [42].Elona xesha lide lokwahlulahlulwa laliziiyure ezingama-380 kuphononongo olwenziwa ngu-Weatherall kunye noogxa, apho iimodeli ezininzi zadityaniswa ukuze zenze imodeli yomoya yabantwana epheleleyo [36].Kwizifundo ezisithoba, ulwahlulo kunye nexesha lokuprinta lalibhekwa njengento engalunganga [36, 42, 57, 58, 74].Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ze-12 zigxeka iipropati ezibonakalayo zeemodeli zabo, ngokukodwa ukuhambelana kwazo, [28, 62] ukungabikho kokungafihli, [30] fragility kunye ne-monochromaticity, [71] ukungabikho kwezicubu ezithambileyo, [66] okanye ukungabikho kweenkcukacha [28, 34]., 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].Ezi zinto zingalunganga zinokoyiswa ngokunyusa ulwahlulo okanye ixesha lokulinganisa.Ukulahlekelwa kunye nokubuyisela ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwakuyingxaki ejongene namaqela amathathu [30, 74, 77].Ngokweengxelo zesigulane, ii-agent ezichasene ne-iodinated azizange zibonelele ngokubonakalayo kwe-vascular ngenxa yokunciphisa umthamo [74].Ukutofwa kwemodeli ye-cadaveric kubonakala kuyindlela efanelekileyo ehambela kude kumgaqo "kancinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka" kunye nokunciphisa umthamo we-agent echaseneyo etofiweyo.
Ngelishwa, amanqaku amaninzi awakhankanyi ezinye iimpawu eziphambili ze-3DPAM.Ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha samanqaku achaza ngokucacileyo ukuba i-3DPAM yabo yayifakwe tinted.Ukugubungela ububanzi bokushicilela kwakungahambelani (43% yamanqaku), kwaye kuphela i-34% ikhankanye ukusetyenziswa kweendaba ezininzi.Ezi parameters zokushicilela zibalulekile kuba zinempembelelo kwiipropati zokufunda ze-3DPAM.Uninzi lwamanqaku alunikezeli ngolwazi olwaneleyo malunga nobunzima bokufumana i-3DPAM (ixesha loyilo, iziqinisekiso zabasebenzi, iindleko zesoftware, iindleko zokushicilela, njl.).Olu lwazi lubalulekile kwaye kufuneka luqwalaselwe phambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe ukuqala iprojekthi yokuphuhlisa i-3DPAM entsha.
Olu hlaziyo lucwangcisiweyo lubonisa ukuba ukuyila kunye noshicilelo lwe-3D imifuziselo eqhelekileyo ye-anatomical inokwenzeka ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngakumbi xa usebenzisa i-FDM okanye i-SLA abashicileli kunye nezixhobo zeplastiki ezinombala omnye ezingabizi.Nangona kunjalo, olu yilo lusisiseko lunokwandiswa ngokongeza umbala okanye ukongeza uyilo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo.Iimodeli ezinokwenyani ngakumbi (eziprintwe kusetyenziswa iimathiriyeli ezininzi zemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nokwenziwa ukuphindaphinda ngokusondeleyo iimpawu ezibambekayo zemodeli yereferensi ye-cadaver) zifuna ubugcisa boshicilelo be-3D kunye namaxesha oyilo amade.Oku kuya kwandisa kakhulu iindleko zizonke.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo yoshicilelo ekhethiweyo, ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yomfanekiso ngundoqo kwimpumelelo ye-3DPAM.Ukuphakama kwesisombululo sesithuba, kokukhona imodeli iba yenyani kwaye ingasetyenziselwa uphando oluphambili.Ngokwembono yokufundisa, i-3DPAM sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufundisa i-anatomy, njengoko kungqinwa luvavanyo lolwazi oluqhutywa kubafundi kunye nokwaneliseka kwabo.Impembelelo yokufundisa ye-3DPAM ingcono xa ivelisa imimandla ye-anatomical enzima kwaye abafundi bayisebenzisa kwangoko kuqeqesho lwabo lwezonyango.
Iiseti zedatha ezenziwe kunye/okanye ezihlalutywayo kuphononongo lwangoku azifumaneki esidlangalaleni ngenxa yemiqobo yolwimi kodwa ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo ngesicelo esifanelekileyo.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-09-2024