Iimodeli ezintathu ze-anatomical ezishicilelweyo (ii-3DPAMM) zibonakala zisisixhobo esifanelekileyo ngenxa yexabiso labo lemfundo kunye nokunokwenzeka. Injongo yolu hlaziyo kukuchaza nokuhlalutya iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-3DPAM yokufundisa i-anatomy yomntu kunye nokuvavanya igalelo layo.
Ukukhangela kwe-elektroniki kwaqhutywa kusetyenziswa la magama alandelayo: Isikolo, isikolo, ukufunda, ukufundisa, ukufundisa, i-anatomy, i-anatomy, kunye ne-anatomy . . Iziphumo ziquka iimpawu zokufunda, uyilo lwemodeli, uvavanyo lwe-morphological, intsebenzo yemfundo, amandla kunye nobuthathaka.
Phakathi kwamanqaku angama-68 akhethiweyo, elona nani likhulu lezifundo ligxile kwingingqi ye-cranial (amanqaku angama-33); Amanqaku angama-51 akhankanya ukuprintwa kwethambo. Kumanqaku angama-47, i-3dpam yaphuhliswa ngokusekwe kwi-computers. Iinkqubo ezintlanu zokushicilela zidwelisiwe. Iiplasitiki kunye neendlela zabo zisetyenziswa kwizifundo ezingama-48. Uyilo ngalunye lwe-ranges ngexabiso ukusuka kwi- $ 1.25 ukuya kwi-2,800 yeedola. Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe zathelekiswa i-3DPAM ngeemodeli zereferensi. Amanqaku angamashumi amathathu anesithathu ahlola imisebenzi yemfundo. Ezona zibonelelo ziphambili zingabalulekanga kwaye zinobuchule, ukuphinda-phinda, ukuqhubela phambili, ukugcinwa kwexesha, ukudityaniswa kokujikeleza kwexesha, ukudityaniswa okungcono kwengqondo, ukulungiswa kwexesha lokusebenza, ukugcinwa kolwazi ngengqondo, ukwaneliseka kolwazi kunye nokwaneliseka kolwazi. Eyona nto imbilelekileyo ihambelana noyilo: Ukungqinelana, ukungabikho kwenkcukacha okanye ukungafihli, imibala eqaqambileyo kakhulu, amaxesha ashicile kakhulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
Olu phononongo lwenkqubo lubonisa ukuba i-3dpam isebenza ngexabiso kwaye isebenza ngempumelelo yokufundisa i-anatomy. Iimodeli eziqinisekileyo ngakumbi zifuna ukusetyenziswa kweetekhnoloji zokuprinta ezibizayo ze-3D kunye namaxesha oshiyiweyo, ezahlulayo kakhulu iindleko. Eyona nto iphambili kukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokucinga. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-Dedagogical, i-3dpam sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufundisa i-Aatomy, enefuthe elihle kwiziphumo zokufunda kunye nolwaneliseko. Iziphumo zokufundisa ze-3DPAM zezona zilungileyo xa ivelisa kwakhona imimandla entsonkothileyo ye-anatomical kunye nabafundi basebenzisa kwangoko kuqeqesho lwabo kwezonyango.
Ukuhlaselwa kwezinto zezilwanyana zenziwe ukusukela kwiGrisi yamandulo kwaye yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokufundisa i-anatomy. I-caanaveric dissetion eyenziwe ngexesha loqeqesho olusebenzayo lisetyenziswa kwikharityhulamu ye-theotored yabafundi beDyunivesithi kwaye ngoku kuthathwa njengomgangatho weGold School [1,2,3]. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi izithintelo ekusebenziseni iisampuli zomntu, zikhupha ukukhangela izixhobo ezintsha zoqeqesho [6, 7]. Ezinye zezi zixhobo zintsha zibandakanya izixhobo zenyani, izixhobo zedijithali, kunye ne-3D. Ngokutsho koncwadi lwakutshanje ngoncwadi yi-santos et al. [8] Ngokwexabiso le teknoloji entsha yokufundisa i-Aatomy, i-3D ibonakala ingoyena mntu ubalulekileyo, zombini ngokwexabiso lokuphumeza [4,9,10] .
I-3D iprinta ayiyonto intsha. Amalungelo okuqala ahambelana nale teknoloji ahambelana no-1984: i-le méhauté, o De Witte kunye neeveki ezintathu emva koko c hull e-USA. Ukusukela ngoko, itekhnoloji iqhubekile nokuvela kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwandise kwiindawo ezininzi. Umzekelo, i-NASA iprintwe into yokuqala engaphaya komhlaba ngo-2014 [11]. Intsimi yezonyango yamkele esi sixhobo sitsha, ngaloo ndlela yandisa umnqweno wokuphuhlisa amayeza [12].
Ababhali abaninzi babonakalise izibonelelo zokusebenzisa iimodeli ze-3D (3DPAM) kwimfundo yezonyango [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 19, Xa ufundisa i-anatomy yabantu, engafakwanga i-15 okanye i-anatomical kunye ne-anatomical eqhelekileyo. Uphengululo oluthile luhlolisise iimodeli zonyango okanye zonyango / zonyango / zonyango [8, 20, 21]. Ukuphuhlisa imodeli ye-hybrid yokufundisa i-anatomy yomntu efake izixhobo ezitsha ezifana nokuprintwa kwe-3D, siqhubekiswe ukuba zihlalutywe njani izinto zokufunda ezi-3d.
Olu phononongo loncwadi olucwangcisiweyo lwenziwa ngoJuni 2022 ngaphandle kwezithintelo zexesha usebenzisa iPrisma (izinto ezikhethiweyo zokunikwa kwengxelo yoPhononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nezikhokelo zeMeta-Analt).
Ikhrayitheriya ukubandakanywa onke amaphepha ophando asebenzisa i-3DPAM kwi-Anatomy yokufundisa / ukufunda. Uphononongo loncwadi, iileta, okanye amanqaku agxile kwiimodeli zePathological, iimodeli zezilwanyana, iimodeli zezinto zakudala, kunye nemodeli yonyango / yonyango. Kukhethwe amanqaku kuphela abhalwe ngesiNgesi. Amanqaku ngaphandle kokufumana amanqaku kwi-Intanethi. Amanqaku aquka iimodeli ezininzi, ubuncinci enye yayiqhelekile okanye yayinengxaki encinci yokungafundiswanga engachaphazeli ixabiso lokufundisa, babandakanywa.
Uphando loncwadi lwalusenziwa kwindawo yedatha ye-elektroniki eshenxisiweyo (ilayibrari yelizwe le-National, i-NCBI) Ukuchonga izifundo ezifanelekileyo zapapashwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2022 imiqathango elandelayo: Ukufundisa, ukufunda, ezintathu Ubungakanani, i-3D, i-3D, i-3D, ukuPrinta, ukuPrinta, i-Anatomy, i-anatomy, i-anatomy kunye ne-anatomy. Umbuzo omnye wabulawa: (((nemfundo [isihloko / isihloko] okanye isikolo [isihloko / isihloko / isihloko / i-adstract] okanye Imfundo [Isihloko / i-Abstract]) kwaye (umlinganiso wesithathu [isihloko] okanye i-3D [isihloko] okanye iprintwe] okanye (i-anatomy) [isihloko ] / i-abstring] okanye i-anatomy [isihloko / i-abstrat] okanye i-anatomy [isihloko / isihloko] okanye i-anatomy [i-anatomy]). Amanqaku ongezelelweyo achongwa ngokukhangela ngesandla database Akukho zithintelo zemisi zisetyenzisiwe, kodwa "umntu" osetyenzisiweyo wasetyenziswa.
Zonke izihloko ezifunyenweyo kunye nezithintelo zaye zahlolwa kunye nokubandakanywa nokubanjwa ngababhali ababini (i-EBER kunye ne-AL), kwaye nasiphi na isifundo sokungahambelani nazo zonke iikhrayitheriya ezifanelekileyo. Ukupapashwa okugcweleyo kwezi zifundo ezisele zafunyanwa zaza zahlaziywa ngababhali abathathu (i-EBER, EB kunye ne-al). Xa kufanelekile, ukungavisisani ekukhetheni amanqaku kwasonjululwa ngumntu wesine (LT). Iimpapasho ezihlangabezana nazo zonke iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa zabandakanywa kolu hlaziyo.
Ukukhutshwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo ngababhali ababini (ibr kunye ne-al) phantsi kweliso lombhali wesithathu (lt).
-Imodeli yoyilo: Imimandla ye-Anatomical, iinxalenye ezithile ze-Anatomical, imodeli yokuqala, indlela yokufumana, uhlobo lweprinta, uhlobo lwenqanaba le-3D, umbala, iindleko zokuprinta.
- Uvavanyo lwe-morphological yeemodeli: Iimodeli ezisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa, uvavanyo lwezonyango lweengcali / ootitshala, inani labavavanyi, uhlobo lovavanyo.
-Funda imodeli ye-3D: Uvavanyo lolwazi lwabafundi, indlela yovavanyo, inani labafundi, inani lamaqela ngokuthelekisa, ukuhlelwa kwabafundi, imfundo / uhlobo lomfundi.
Izifundo ezingama-418 zachongwa kumanqaku angaphantsi, kwaye ama-139 awakhutshelwa ngaphandle "" "yintsimbi" yomntu ". Emva kokuphonononga izihloko kunye nezifundo, izifundo ezili-103 zakhethwa ukuba kufundwe ngokugqwesileyo. Amanqaku angama-34 afakwa ngaphandle kuba ebeziimodeli zePathoilogical (amanqaku angama-9), iimodeli zonyango / zonyango / zezonyango (amanqaku ama-4), iimodeli ze-4 ). Inani lamanqaku angama-68 ewonke ababandakanyiwe kuphononongo. Umzobo 1 Faka inkqubo yokukhetha njengetshathi yokuhamba.
Itshati yokuhambahamba ishwankathela isazisi, ukuhlolwa, kunye nokufakwa kwamanqaku kolu phononongo lwenkqubo
Zonke izifundo zapapashwa phakathi kowama-2014 kwaye ezingama-2022, zonyaka wokupapashwa kuka-2019. Phakathi kwe-68 kubandakanya amanqaku, ama-330% (25 (26%) Uvavanyo. Ichaza ngokuchazayo. Ye-50 (73%) yezifundo zovavanyo, ezingama-21 (31%) zisetyenziswe ngokungacwangciswanga. Kuphela zizifundo ezingama-34 (50%) ezibandakanya uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani. Itheyibhile 1 ishwankathela iimpawu zesifundo ngasinye.
Amanqaku angama-33 (ama-48%) ahlole ummandla wentloko, amanqaku angama-19 (ama-28%) ahlole ummandla we-Thoracic, amanqaku angama-25%) ahlole ingingqi ye-Abdomudic, kunye ne-15% (i-22%) bavavanya iziphelo. Amanqaku amashumi amahlanu ananye (75%) ekhankanyiwe i-3D amathambo aprintiweyo njengeemodeli ze-anatomical okanye imodeli ye-aatomical slice.
Ngokuphathelele iimodeli zomthombo okanye iifayile ezisetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa i-3DPAM, amanqaku angama-23 (ama-34%) akhankanye ukusetyenziswa kwedatha yesigulana, amanqaku angama-20 (ama-25%) akhankanya ukusetyenziswa kogcino lwedatha. zazisetyenziswa, kwaye izifundo ezi-7 (10%) zange baveze umthombo wamaxwebhu asetyenzisiweyo.
Izifundo ezingama-47 (i-69%) ezenzelwe i-3DPAM esekwe kwi-computers tomography, kunye nezifundo ezi-3 (4%) zixele ukusetyenziswa kwe-MicroCC. Amanqaku ayi-7 (10%) eqikelelwe izinto ze-3D usebenzisa iskena esingeyonyani, amanqaku ama-4 (6%) esebenzisa i-MRI, kunye ne-1 inqaku (1%) esebenzisa iikhamera kunye nemicrossopu. Amanqaku ali-14 (21%) engakhange akhankanye umthombo woyilo lwe-3D yoyilo loyilo. Iifayile ze-3D zenziwa ngesisombululo esiphakathi sendawo esingaphantsi kwe-0.5 mm. Isisombululo esifanelekileyo singama-30 μm [80] kwaye eso sigqibo siphezulu yi-1.5 mm [32].
Izicelo ezingamashumi amathandathu ahlukeneyo (isahlulo, imodeli, uyilo okanye ushicilelo) zasetyenziswa. I-SIMICS (i-Leuven, iBelgium) yayisetyenziswa rhoqo (14%), i-Autodesk, i-Automagi (I-San Rafael (System) . . (Izifundo ezi-7, i-10%).
Imodeli yamashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe yomshicileli kunye neenkqubo ezintlanu zokuprintwa ziyakhankanywa. I-FDM (itekhnoloji yokufaka itekhnoloji isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezingama-26 (38%), ukuphambuka kwezinto eziphathwayo kwiimveliso ezili-13 (i-19%) kunye ne-11%, 16%). Ezona teknoloji zisetyenzisiweyo ze-stereoographishing (SLA) (amanqaku ama-5, i-5%) kunye nokukhetha i-leser ye-leser (SLS) (amanqaku ama-4). Owona mshicileli oqhelekileyo oqhelekileyo (amanqaku ama-7, i-10%) yi-Dingx 500 (i-strats, i-Rehovot, i-Isduvot) [27, 32, 62, 62, 65, 65, 65, 65].
Xa ucacisa izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-3DPAM (amanqaku angama-51, i-78%), izifundo ezingama-48 (71%) isebenzise iplastiki kunye neziganeko zabo. Ezona zinto ziphambili zisetyenzisiweyo yayiyi-pla (i-polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), i-resin), i-reden (n = 9, 13, 13%) Amanqaku angama-23 (34%) ahlolisise i-3DPAM eyenziwe ngezinto ezininzi, amanqaku angama-36 (53%) eboniswe i-3dpam eyenziwe kwi-3DPAM enye, kunye namanqaku ayi-9 (13%) engakhange achaze izinto.
Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesithoba (i-43%) axele irejista eprintayo ukusuka kwi-0.25: 1 ukuya ku-2: 1, ngomndilili we-1: 1. Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesihlanu (ama-37%) asebenzise i-1: 1 umyinge. I-28 3DPAms (41%) iqukethe imibala emininzi, kwaye i-9 (13%) yadayiwe emva kokuprinta [43, 4, 48, 58, 68, 68].
Amanqaku angamashumi amathathu anesine (50%) akhankanya iindleko. Amanqaku ayi-9 (13%) akhankanye iindleko zabashicileli ezi-3D kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo. Uluhlu lweeprinta ngexabiso ukusuka kwi-302 yeedola ukuya kwi-65,000 yeedola. Xa ichaziwe, iimodeli zamaxabiso ukusuka kwi- $ 1.25 ukuya kwi-2,800 yeedola; Ezi zinto zihambelana ne-skeletal [47] kunye neemodeli zemodeli ye-retroperitoneal [48]. Itheyibhile 2 ishwankathela idatha yemodeli yesifundo ngasinye esiqukayo.
Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe (i-54%) zithelekisa i-3dapm kwimodeli yesalathiso. Phakathi kwezi zifundo, eyona nto ihambelana nayo yayiyimodeli ebonakalayo ye-Anatomical, esetyenziswe kumanqaku ayi-14 (i-38%), amalungiselelo athambileyo kumanqaku ama-6 (i-16%). Ukusetyenziswa kwenyani, i-computer tomography icinga enye i-3dpam kumanqaku ama-5 (i-14%), enye inqaku le-3%), inqaku eliyi-3%), iimodeli ze-3%), iimodeli zeshishini kwi Inqaku eli-1 (3%) kunye nokohlwayelwa kwenyani kwinqaku eli-1 (3%). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesine (50%) zihlolwe i-3DPAM. Izifundo ezilishumi elinesihlanu (48%) zibonisa amava okuprinta kwiinkcukacha (iTheyibhile 3). I-3DPAM yenziwa ngamagqirha okanye ukuya kugqirha kwizifundo ezi-7, iingcali ze-Ayatomical kwizifundo ezi-6 (40%), abafundi kwizifundo ezi-3 (20%) zovavanyo kwaye omnye umvavanyi omnye kwinqaku (7%). Inani eliphakathi labavavanyi beli-14 (ubuncinci 2, ubuninzi 30). Izifundo ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu (i-49%) ivavanywe i-3DPAM MORPOGCICTIVITICTICTITIVITICTIVE kuqala, kunye nezifundo ezili-10 (15%) ezivavanyiweyo ze-3DPAM Morphology. Kwizifundo ezingama-33 ezisebenzisa uvavanyo olufanelekileyo, zisebenzisa uvavanyo oluchazayo (48%), iimvavanyo ezi-9 ezisetyenzisiweyo / iireyithi / uphononongo (uphononongo (i-27%), kunye ne-8% ye-faneler (24%). Itheyibhile 3 ishwankathela uvavanyo lwe-morphological yeemodeli kwisifundo ngasinye esiqukwayo.
Amashumi amathathu anesithathu (48%) ahlolisisa kwaye athelekise ukusebenza ngokufundisa i-3DPAM kubafundi. Kwezi zifundo, amanqaku angama-23 (70) ahlole ulwaneliseko lwabafundi, 17 (51%) esebenzise izikali ze-fayile, kwaye i-6 (18%) isebenzise ezinye iindlela. Amanqaku angamashumi amabini anesibini (ama-67%) avavanyiweyo ngolwazi ngolwazi, apho i-10 (30%) isebenzise i-pretals esetyenzisiweyo kunye / okanye amahlakani. Izifundo ezilishumi elinanye (33%) zisebenzise imibuzo ekhethiweyo ezininzi kunye neemvavanyo zokuvavanya ulwazi lwabafundi, kunye nezifundo ezintlanu (15%) ezisetyenzisiweyo zelebheli / i-anatomicals. Umyinge wama-76 abafundi abathathe inxaxheba kufundisiso ngalunye (ubuncinci be-8, ubuninzi 319). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesine (iipesenti ezingama-72) zazineqela elilawulayo, apho i-20 (60%) isetyenziselwe ukumiselwa ngokungacwangciswanga. Ngokwahlukileyo, isifundo esinye (3%) sabelwe iimodeli ze-Aatomical Akatomicals ukuya kubafundi aba-10. Ngokomyinge, 2.6 amaqela athelekiswa (ubuncinci 2, ubuninzi be-10). Izifundo ezingamashumi amabini anesithathu (70%) zibandakanya abafundi bezonyango, yeyiphi i-14 (42%) ababengabafundi bezonyango. Izifundo ezintandathu (18%) ezibandakanya abahlali, 4 (12%), kunye ne-3 (9%) yesayensi. Izifundo ezintandathu (18%) eziye zaphunyezwa kwaye zivavanywe ukufunda ngokuzenzekelayo zisebenzisa i-3DPAM. Itheyibhile 4 ishwankathela iziphumo zovavanyo olusebenzayo lwe-3DPAAM lokufundisa ngempumelelo kwisifundo ngasinye esiqukwayo.
Ezona zibonelelo zibalulekileyo zinikwe ingxelo ngababhali be-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufundisa kwi-anatomy ebonakalayo kwaye bequka inyani [55, 6, 82, 85], ukungangqinelani [34, 45) ]. , 48, 64], umbala kunye nokungafihli [28, 39, 52, 57, 63, 63, 78], indleko [27, 41, 44, 48, 60, 60, 88, 80], ubunakubangelwa kukuphuculwa okanye kubuntu abangama-80, 45, 53, 67, 80], amandla okubaxhasa abafundi [30, 49], ukusindisa ixesha lokufundisa [61, 80], ukulungiselela ukugcinwa [61], amandla okudibanisa i-Anatomy esebenzayo [51, 53], 67] , Uyilo olukhawulezileyo lweemodeli ze-81], ukukwazi ukwenza iimodeli kwaye uzithathe ikhaya [49, 60, 71], ukuphucula ukulungisa kwengqondo [32], kunye notitshala [ 25, 63] and student satisfaction [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Eyona nto imbilelekileyo ihambelana noyilo: i-rigidity [80], ukungqinela [28, 62], ukungafihli inkcukacha [28, 34, 45, 81], imibala eqaqambileyo kakhulu [45]. kunye nobuthathaka bomgangatho [71]. Ezinye izinto ezingalunganga ziquka ukuphulukana nolwazi [30, 76], ixesha elide lifunelwa kwizigameko zemifanekiso [362, 57, 58, 78], ukungabikho komahluko [25], kunye neendleko. [48].
Olu phononongo lwenkqubo lushwankathela amanqaku angama-68 apapashwa ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-9 kwaye ubalaselisa umdla woluntu lwesayensi kwi-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufundisa i-anatomy eqhelekileyo. Umda ngamnye we-Aatominel wafundwa kwaye waprintwe nge-3D. Kula manqaku, amanqaku angama-37 athelekiswa ne-3DPAM kunye nezinye iimodeli, kunye namanqaku angama-33 avavanye ukubaluleka kwe-3DPAM kubafundi.
Ngenxa yomehluko kuyilo lweSifundo se-Anatomical 3D, asikhange siqwalasele kufanelekile ukuqhuba uhlalutyo lwe-meta. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lupapashwe ngo-2020 ikakhulu lujolise kwiimvavanyo zolwazi lwe-anatomical emva koqeqesho ngaphandle kokuhlalutya imiba yezobugcisa nezobuchwephesha kwimveliso ye-3DPAM kunye nemveliso [10].
Ingingqi yentloko yeyona ifundwayo kakhulu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ubunzima be-anatomy benza kube nzima ukuba abafundi bawubonise lo mmandla we-Aatomical kwindawo ye-Aatomical kwindawo okanye i-torso. I-CT yezona ndlela zisetyenziswayo ziqhele ukucinga. Obu buchule busetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kuseto lwezonyango, kodwa lunesisombululo esilinganiselweyo kunye nesicubu esiphantsi esithambileyo. Ezi zithintelo zenza i-CT Scan engafanelekanga ukuba isebenze kunye nemodeli yenkqubo ye-nervous. Kwelinye icala, i-computer edityanisiweyo ilungele ukongezwa kwe-bone tissual okanye imodeli; I-Bone / I-Tooue Sustoue ethambileyo inceda ukugcwalisa la manyathelo ngaphambi kokuba i-3D iprintas modelis. Kwelinye icala, i-Microcct ithathwa njenge-Technology yesalathiso ngokwesisombululo sendawo kwithambo lethambo kwi-70]. Iskena sekhephu okanye i-MRI inokusetyenziselwa ukufumana imifanekiso. Ukusonjululwa okuphezulu kuthintela i-bone efihlakeleyo kwaye igcine ukufihlakala kwezakhiwo [59]. Ukukhetha kweModeli kuchaphazela isisombululo sendawo: umzekelo, iimodeli zeplastiki zinesisombululo esisezantsi [45]. Abayili bemizobo kufuneka benze iimodeli ze-3D, ezinyusa iindleko ($ 25 ukuya kwi-150 yeedola) [43]. Ukufumana iifayile ezikumgangatho ophezulu .Izo akwanelanga ukwenza iimodeli ze-Aatomical ephezulu. Kuyimfuneko ukumisela iiparamitha zokushicilela, ezinjengokuqhelaniswa nomzekelo we-Aatomical kwiplate yokushicilela [29]. Abanye ababhali bacebisa ukuba itekhnoloji yokuprintwa iprinta efana neSLS kufuneka isetyenziswe naphina apho kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ukuchaneka kwe-3DPAM [38]. Ukuveliswa kwe-3DPAM kufuna uncedo olufanelekileyo; Ezona zingcali zifuna iinjineli [72], oosoyili be-radiclogist [43], iigraffic [25, 28, 57, 77].
Isoftware kunye nesoftware yemodeli zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekufumaneni iimodeli ze-Aatomical ezichanekileyo, kodwa iindleko zale phakheji zesoftware kunye nokuntywila kwazo kuzithintela ukusetyenziswa. Izifundo ezininzi zithelekise ukusetyenziswa kweephakeji ezahlukeneyo zesoftware kunye neetekhnoloji zokuprinta, zibalaselisa izibonelelo kunye nokungalunganga kwetekhnoloji nganye [68]. Ukongeza kwisoftware yemodeli, isoftware yokushicilela iyahambelana nomshicileli okhethiweyo; Abanye ababhali bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi 3D Printa [75]. Ukuba izinto eziphezulu ze-3D ziprintiwe, utyalomali lunokukhokelela kwimbuyekezo yemali [72].
Iplastiki yezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa rhoqo. Uluhlu lwayo lolwazi kunye nemibala yenza ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukhetho lwe-3DPAM. Abanye ababhali bancome amandla ayo aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neemodeli zemveli zemveli okanye zeplate (5, 56, 73]. Ezinye iiplasitiki zide zigobe okanye zibolule iipropathi. Umzekelo, i-filaflex enetekhnoloji ye-FDM inokusolula ukuya kwi-700%. Abanye ababhali bayithathela ingqalelo izinto ezikhetha izihlunu zemisipha, i-tendon kunye nephindaphindo lwe-ligament [63]. Kwelinye icala, izifundo ezibini ziphakamise imibuzo malunga nokuqhelaniswa neFiber ngexesha lokushicilela. Ngapha koko, ukuqhelaniswa kwe-fiber fiber finger, ukufakelwa, umda, kwaye umsebenzi ubalulekile kwimodeli yemisipha [33].
Ngokumangalisayo, kumbalwa izifundo ukukhankanya ubungakanani bokuprinta. Kuba abantu abaninzi baqwalasela i-1: 1 Umyinge ukuba ube ngumgangatho, uMbhali usenokuba wakhetha ukungathethi. Nangona ukhula kuya kuba luncedo ekufundeni ukufunda ngokwamaqela amakhulu, ukuba nakho ukuphiliswa akukaphononongwa, ngakumbi ngobukhulu beklasi kunye nobungakanani bemodeli yemodeli yokuba yinto ebalulekileyo. Ewe, isikali esisisigxina senza kube lula ukufumana kwaye sinxibelelane ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ze-anatomical ukuya kwisigulana, esinokucacisa ukuba kutheni zidla ngokusetyenziswa.
Abashicileli abaninzi abafumaneka kwintengiso, ezo zisebenzisa i-polyjet (i-binder okanye i-Binder i-Inki) yexabiso eliphezulu le-US $ 250,000 (i-US i-US $ 250,000 (// wwps .Imiwaa.com /). Le ndleko iphakamileyo inokunciphisa umda wokukhuthaza i-3DPAM kwizikolo zezonyango. Ukongeza kwiindleko zomshicileli, iindleko zezixhobo eziyimfuneko kwi-Inkjet Printa Tript iphezulu kune-SLA okanye iPRDM Tripters [68]. Amaxabiso okufumana i-SLAI okanye abaprinta be-FDM bafikeleleka ngakumbi, basuka kwi-€ 576 ukuya kwi-R 4,999 kumanqaku abhalwe kolu hlaziyo. Ngokutsho kukaTripodi kunye noogxa, inxenye nganye yamathambo inokuprintwa nge- $ 1.25 [47]. Izifundo ezilishumi elinanye ziqukunjelwe ukuba i-3D iprinta iphantsi kuneplastiki okanye iimodeli zentengiso [24, 27, 48, 85, 83, 83]. Ngapha koko, ezi modeli zorhwebo zenzelwe ukubonelela ngolwazi lwesigulana ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ezaneleyo zokufundisa [80]. Ezi modeli zorhwebo zithathwa njengezingaphantsi kwe-3dpam [44]. Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ukongeza kwitekhnoloji yokuprinta esetyenzisiweyo, iindleko zokugqibela zihambelana nesikali kwaye ke ubungakanani bokugqibela be-3DPAM [48]. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ubungakanani besayizi obupheleleyo kukhethwa [37].
Isifundo esinye kuphela esithelekiswa ne-3DPAM YOKHUSELEKO OLUFANELEKILEYO KWI-AAAMOTOIL YENDAWO YOKUZIPHATHA [72]. Iisampulu ze-cadaveric zezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ze-3DPAM. Ngaphandle kokusikelwa umda, iimodeli ze-caseleve zihlala zisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufundisa i-Anatomy. Umahluko kufuneka wenziwe phakathi kwe-autopsy, ukucocwa kunye nethambo elomileyo. Ngokusekwe kwiimvavanyo zoqeqesho, izifundo ezibini zabonisa ukuba i-3dpam yayiyinto esebenzayo ngakumbi kunokuhlanjwa [16, 27]. Isifundo esinye sithelekiswa neyure enye yoqeqesho isebenzisa i-3DPAM (i-vertimes esezantsi) ngeyure enye yokungaqwalaselwa kwe-Aatomical efanayo [78]. Kwakungekho mntu umahluko phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zokufundisa. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho uphando oluncinci kwesi sihloko kuba ukuthelekisa kunzima ukwenza. Ukungahambi kakuhle kukulungiselela ixesha lokuthatha abafundi. Ngamanye amaxesha uninzi lweeyure zokulungiselela ziyafuneka, kuxhomekeke kwinto elungiselelwe. Uthelekiso lwesithathu lunokwenziwa ngamathambo owomileyo. Isifundo nguTssai noSmith safumanisa ukuba amanqaku ovavanyo ayengcono kakhulu kwiqela usebenzisa i-3DPAM [51, 63]. I-chen kunye noogxa babo baqaphele ukuba abafundi besebenzisa iimodeli ze-3D benziwe ngcono kwiziseko (sutls), kodwa kwakungekho mahluko kumanqaku emi-MCQ [69]. Okokugqibela, i-nurner kunye noogxa babo babonisa iziphumo ezingcono zemva kovavanyo kweli qela lisebenzisa i-3DPAM ye-parygopatine fossa [46]. Ezinye izixhobo ezitsha zokufundisa zachongwa kolu phononongo loncwadi. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo phakathi kwazo ixhaswe inyani, inyani kunye nemidlalo enzulu [43]. Ngokutsho koogxa kunye noogxa bakho, ukhetho lweemodeli ze-anatomical luxhomekeke kwinani leeyure zabafundi badlala imidlalo yevidiyo [31]. Kwelinye icala, umtsalane omkhulu wezixhobo ezintsha zokufundisa ze-Anatomy yingxelo ye-haptic, ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezibonakalayo [48].
Uninzi lwezifundo ezivavanya i-3DPAM entsha isebenzise amanqam olwazi. Ezi nkqi zinceda ukuphepha ukukhetha. Abanye ababhali, ngaphambi kokuqhuba izifundo zovavanyo, ababandakanyi bonke abafundi abafumene amanqaku ngaphezulu kovavanyo lokuqala [40]. Phakathi kwee-biases Giaras kunye noogxa abaDala abakhankanywe yayingumbala wemodeli kunye nokukhethwa kwamavolontiya kwiklasi yabafundi [61]. Ukuzibandakanya kuququzelela ukuchongwa kwezakhiwo ze-anatomical. I-Chen kunye noogxa bakhe basungula iimeko zovavanyo olunobunkunkqele ongenamahluko okokuqala phakathi kwamaqela kwaye isifundo samfanyekiswe ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu elinokubakho [69]. I-Lim kunye noogxa babo bancoma ukuba uvavanyo lovavanyo lwasemva kovavanyo lugqitywe ngumntu wesithathu ukunqanda amakhava kuvavanyo [16]. Ezinye izifundo zisebenzise izikali ezifana nokuvavanya ukubakho kwe-3dpam. Esi sixhobo silungele ukuvavanya ukoneliseka, kodwa kusekho amathuba abalulekileyo ukuba azi [86].
Ukuhambelana kwemfundo kwi-3DPAM kwavavanywa phakathi kwabafundi bezonyango, kubandakanya abafundi bezonyango ababhala, kwizifundo ezili-14 ezingama-33. Kwisifundo sabo se-Pilot, uWilk kunye noogxa babo banike ingxelo yokuba abafundi bezonyango babekholelwa ukuba ukuprintwa kwe-3D kufuneka kufakwe kwimfundo yabo yokufunda [87]. Iipesenti ezingama-87 zabafundi abajongiweyo kwisifundo seCercenelli wayekholelwa ukuba unyaka wesibini wokufunda yayiyeyona xesha lilungileyo lokusebenzisa i-3DPAM [84]. Iziphumo ze-Tanner kunye nezogulana zikwabonisa ukuba abafundi benze ngcono ukuba abakaze bafundele intsimi [46]. Le datha ibonisa ukuba unyaka wokuqala wesikolo sezonyango lixesha elifanelekileyo lokufaka i-3dpam kwi-anatomy yokufundisa. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta luxhale lo mbono [18]. Kumanqaku angama-27 aquka esifundweni, kwabakho umahluko obonakalayo kumanqaku ovavanyo phakathi kwe-3DPAM kunye neemodeli zemveli zabafundi bezonyango, kodwa hayi abahlali.
I-3DPAM njengesixhobo sokufunda iphucula ukufezekiswa kwemfundo [16, 35, 39, 52, 69], ukuvusa kwabafundi ixesha elide [25, 45, 46, 53, 63, 63, 63, 63 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Iiphaneli zeengcali zikwafumana ezi modeli ziluncedo [37, 47, 49, 85, 82], kwaye izifundo ezibini zafumana ukoneliseka kotitshala nge-3dpam [25, 63]. Kuyo yonke imithombo, ihohhuselese kunye noogxa bakhe baqwalasele i-3D ukuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo kwimodeli yemveli yemveli [49]. Kwi-meta yabo yokuqala, nina noogxa baqinisekisile ukuba abafundi abafumene imiyalelo ye-3DPAM yayineempawu ezingcono zovavanyo zabafundi abafumene i-2D okanye imiyalelo [10]. Nangona kunjalo, bahlukanisa i-3DPAM bengeyiyo intsokothwa, kodwa ngentliziyo, inkqubo yovalo, kunye nesisu esiswini. Kwizifundo ezisixhenxe, i-3dpam ayizange ikhuphe ezinye iimodeli ngokusekwe kwiimvavanyo zolwazi eziphethwe ngabafundi [32, 6, 69, 77, 84]. Ngohlalutyo lwabo lwe-meta, isalazari kunye nabalingane bagqibe kwelokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM ngokukodwa kuphucula ukuqondwa kwe-anatomy [17]. Le nto ihambelana neleta yeHits ukuya kuMhleli [88]. Ezinye iindawo ze-anatomical zithathwa njengezintsonkothileyo azifuni ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM, ngelixa i-anatomicals entsokothileyo (enjengendlela yentsimbi) iya kuba kukhetho lwe-3DPAM. Lo mxholo unokuchaza ukuba kutheni ezinye ii-3DPAMs aziqwalaselwanga ziphezulu kunemodeli yemveli, ngakumbi xa abafundi bengakwazi ukuba ngaphezulu kwemodeli. Yiyo loo nto, inikezela ngemodeli elula kubafundi esele benolwazi lwesifundo (abafundi abagqirha okanye abahlali) ayiluncedo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza komfundi.
Yazo zonke izibonelelo zemfundo ezidweliswe, iiNkolo zigxininisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo okanye zembonakalo zemodeli [27,34,45,50,55,75], ukuqina (33 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 85). Ezinye izibonelelo kukuba abafundi banokugcina inyathelo, kulula ukulugcina abapheki, iprojekthi inokugqitywa ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-24, inokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sekhaya, kwaye sinokusetyenziselwa ukufundisa izixa esikhulu yolwazi. Amaqela [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Ukuprintwa kwe-3D ye-Anatomy ePhezulu ye-Anatomy yenza iimodeli ze-3D ziphumelele iindleko [26]. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-3DPAM kunokuphucula ukujikeleza kwengqondo [23] kwaye kuphuculwe ukutolikwa kwemifanekiso eminqamlezo [23, 32]. Izifundo ezibini ezifunyenweyo ukuba abafundi baveze i-3dpam babenakho ukwenza utyando [40, 78]. Izihloko zensimbi zinokungeniswa ukwenza intshukumo efunekayo yokufunda i-Anatomy esebenzayo [51, 53], okanye iimodeli zingaprintwa kusetyenziswa uyilo lwe-trigger.
Ukuprintwa kwe-3D kuvumela ukudalwa kweemodeli ze-Anatomical ehlengahlengisiweyo ngokuphucula imiba ethile ngexesha lemodeli, [48] edibanisa iimodeli ezininzi, [46] ezisebenzisa iimodeli ezininzi, (45] okanye Ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yangaphakathi ebonakalayo [30]. I-Tripodi kunye noogxa babo basebenzise idongwe ukuze baphelise iimodeli zawo zethambo le-Ane, egxininisa ixabiso lemodeli eyenziwe ye-47 njengezixhobo zokufundisa [47]. Kwizifundo ze-9, umbala wafakwa emva kokuprinta [43, 43, 44, 58, 59, 69], kodwa abafundi basifaka kube kanye [49]. Ngelishwa, isifundo asizange sivavanye umgangatho woqeqesho olungumzekelo okanye ulandelelwano loqeqesho. Oku kufanele ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwimeko yemfundo ye-anatomy, njengoko izibonelelo zokufunda okudibeneyo kunye nokudalwa okuhlanganisiweyo zisekwe kakuhle [89]. Ukujamelana nomsebenzi wokuthengisa okukhulayo, ukuzifunda ngokuzifunda kusetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi ukuvavanya iimodeli [24, 26, 27, 46, 62, 82, 82].
Olunye uphando lugqibile ukuba umbala wezixhobo zeplastiki waqaqamba kakhulu [45], olunye uphando lugqibile ukuba imodeli ibuthathaka kakhulu [71], kunye nolunye uphando olubonisa ukungafani kwemodeli yomntu ngamnye [25, 45 ]. . Izifundo ezisixhenxe zigqibe kwelokuba iinkcukacha ze-3DPAM azonelanga [28, 34, 45, 63, 63, 81].
Ngeemodeli ze-anatomical ezineenkcukacha eziphezulu nezintsonkothileyo, ezinje nge-retroperitooneolonuum okanye i-furvical spine, ixesha lokulinganisa kunye nemodeli lithathwa njengeliphezulu (nge-27, 48]. I-Hojo kunye nabalingane bachaza kwisifundo sabo sokuba kuthathe iiyure ezingama-40 ukwenza imodeli ye-Anatomive ye-pelvis [42]. Elona xesha linde kakhulu laliziiyure ezingama-380 kwisifundo nge-weatirall noogxa, apho iimodeli ezininzi zadityaniswa ukwenza imodeli ye-Pediatric epheleleyo [36]. Kwizifundo ezisithoba, isahlulo kunye nexesha lokushicilela lathathwa njengezingafezeki [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezili-12 zagxeka iipropathi zemvelo zemodeli yazo, ngakumbi ukuguquguquka kwabo, [28]] ezingafakwanga kakuhle, [30] ukungcola kunye nokungabikho kwesicubu, [61] okanye ukungabikho kwengxelo [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Ezi zinto zingalunganga zinokoyiswa ngokwandisa icandelo okanye ixesha lokulinganisa. Ukuphulukana nokubuyisa ulwazi olufanelekileyo yingxaki ejongene namaqela amathathu [30, 74, 77]. Ngokweengxelo zoguli, ii-alapments ze-I-Idiorinced aziboneleli ukubonakala kwe-vasculal efanelekileyo ngenxa yokudayiswa kwe-74]. Inaliti yemodeli ye-canaveric ibonakala ngathi yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuhamba komgaqo-nkqubo we "mncinci kangangoko unakho" kunye nokusikelwa kwedosi ye-Idomer ye-Arder Arder.
Ngelishwa, amanqaku amaninzi awakhankanyi ezinye zeempawu eziphambili ze-3DPAM. Ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha samanqaku achaza ngokucacileyo ukuba i-3DPAM yabo yaqala. Ukugubungela ubungakanani boshicilelo bekungahambelani (iipesenti ezingama-43 zamanqaku), kwaye kuphela ezingama-34% kuphela ekhankanyiweyo kwimithombo yeendaba ezininzi. Ezi paramitha zokushicilela zibalulekile kuba zinefuthe kwipropathi yokufunda ye-3DPAM. Uninzi lwamanqaku alunikeli ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga nobunzima bokufumana i-3DPAM (ixesha loyilo, iziqinisekiso zabasebenzi, iindleko zesoftware, iindleko zokuprinta, njl. Njl.). Olu lwazi lubalulekile kwaye kufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokujonga ukuqala iprojekthi ukuphuhlisa i-3DPAM entsha.
Olu phononongo lwenkqubo lubonisa ukuba ukuyila kunye nokushicilelwa kwe-3D Imodeli yesiqhelo ye-Aatomical inokwenzeka ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngakumbi xa kusetyenziswa i-FDM okanye i-SLA i-SLA i-SLA i-SLA i-SLA i-SLA. Nangona kunjalo, eziyilo ezisisiseko zinokuphuculwa ngokongeza umbala okanye ukongeza uyilo kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Iimodeli ezinokwenyani (eziprintiweyo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi zemibala kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa ukuba ziphile ngokusondeleyo Iimpawu ze-canaver zemodeli) ifuna itekhnoloji ye-3D kunye namaxesha okulowa. Oku kuyakongeza kakhulu iindleko. Nokuba yeyiphi na inkqubo yokuprinta ekhethiweyo, ukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokucinga sisitshixo kwimpumelelo ye-3dpam. Ukuphakanyiswa kwesisombululo sendawo, eyona meko inyani iya kuba kwaye inokusetyenziselwa uphando oluphambili. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-Dedagogical, i-3dpam sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokufundisa i-Anatomy, njengoko kuboniswe uvavanyo lolwazi olunikwa abafundi kunye nolwaneliseko lwabo. Iziphumo zokufundisa ze-3DPAM zezona zilungileyo xa ivelisa kwakhona imimandla entsonkothileyo ye-anatomical kunye nabafundi basebenzisa kwangoko kuqeqesho lwabo kwezonyango.
Iidatha eziveliswe kwaye / okanye zihlaziywe kwisifundo sangoku azifumaneki esidlangalaleni ngenxa yezithintelo zolwimi kodwa ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelana nesicelo esifanelekileyo.
I-Drake Rl, i-Localry Dj, Pruitt cm. Uphononongo lwe-anatomy epheleleyo, i-hicatototomy, neurobiology, kunye nezambulelo zombungu kwikharityhula yezikolo yase-US. I-Anati Ret. Ngo-2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
I-Ghoshsh Sk Cadaveric njengesixhobo semfundo yeSayensi ye-Anatomive kwinkulungwane yama-21: Ukuguqulwa njengesixhobo semfundo. Uhlalutyo lwemfundo yesayensi. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Ixesha leposi: Apr-09-2024