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Olu phando luvavanywe ukwahluka kwengingqi kwi-morphology ye-curphology ye-geomoic usebenzisa imodeli yejometri ye-gemetric esekwe kwiDatha kwi-148 yezizwe kwihlabathi liphela. Le ndlela isebenzisa itekhnoloji efanelekileyo yokufakelwa kwe-sumologous meshes ngokwenza utshintsho olungagungqiyo usebenzisa i-Algorithm ekufutshane ye-Algorithm ekufutshane. Ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwezinto eziphambili kwiimodeli ezingama-342 ezikhethiweyo ze-homologous, olona tshintsho lukhulu kubungakanani ngokubanzi lwafunyanwa kwaye luqinisekiswe ngokucacileyo ukuba isokhi encinci evela eSouth Asia. Umahluko wesibini ngobukhulu bubude obubanzi ububanzi be-neuroccranium, ubonakalisa umahluko phakathi kweeSutls eziqinisekisiweyo zabantu baseAfrika kunye ne-convex sutens. Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba esi sithako sinokuncinci ukuba senze ngokudibeneyo. Iimpawu zobuso ezinomdla ezifana neesihlalo eziphuma kumampuma asempuma-mpuma kunye namathambo ama-Mvula aseYurophu baqinisekiswa. Olu tshintsho lobuso lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-contour ye-Suka, ngokukodwa inqanaba lokuthambeka kwamathambo aphambili kunye ne-ocipital. Iipateni ze-le allometric zafunyanwa kubuso obungafaniyo ngokuhambelana nobungakanani obuphikayo; Kwimitha enkulu ye-Sullic Nangona isifundo sethu sasingafakwanga datha kwizinto eziguquguqukayo okusingqongileyo ezinokuthi ziphembelele i-ranphology, njengemozulu okanye iimeko zokutya, iipati zedatha enkulu ye-Homogous ziya kuba luncedo kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo ze-funotypic.
Umahluko wejografi kubume be-sukhwele yomntu sele ufundwe ixesha elide. Uninzi lwabaphandi luvavanye i-quationtion yohlengahlengiso lwendalo kunye / okanye ukhetho lwendalo, ngokukodwa ukubakho kwemozulu1,3,4,4,5,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,12. 13.. Ukongeza, ezinye izifundo zigxile kwiziphumo zebhotile, ukuhamba kwemfuza, ukuhamba kwemfuza, okanye iinkqubo ze-stochastical i-stoulistic ezibangelwa kukuguquka kwe-411,15,17,19,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,21,2,2,33. Umzekelo, ubume be-spherical ye-cranial vault ye-cranial vult icacisiwe njengento esebenzayo yokukhetha uxinzelelo ngokokuLawulwa kweFlendular24, eyiphina i-mammals incitshile ilahleko yobushushu kwi-volue2,16,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25,25 . Ukongeza, ezinye izifundo zisebenzisa ulawulo lukaBergmann26 zichaze ubudlelwane phakathi kobungakanani bekhandlela kunye nobushushu3,5,26,25 ,.27 ,.27 ,.27 ,.27, iphakamisa loo mimandla iyonke ukuthintela ilahleko yobushushu. Impembelelo yoomatshini yoxinzelelo oluqingqiweyo kwimodeli yokukhula ye-cranial vault kunye nethambo lobuso liye laxoxwa kwinkcubeko okanye umanyano lobuso lubekwe kwinkcubeko okanye umahluko phakathi kwabasebenzi phakathi kwabalimi kunye ne-hunter-ngqokelela8,12,13,28,13,28,13,28,13,28,13,28,13,28. Inkcazo ngokubanzi kukuba uxinzelelo lokuhlafuna lunciphise ubunzima bamathambo kunye nemisipha. Iindinyana ezininzi zehlabathi zidibene ne-farung ye-faks ikakhulu kwiziphumo ze-feneltypic kumgama wokungathathi hlangothi endaweni yokuguqulelwa kokusingqongileyo: Enye inkcazo yotshintsho kwindlela ye-skung isekwe kumxholo we-isometric okanye yokukhula kwe-Adlometric Ukwanda kwe-AddMe2,33,34,35,35. Umzekelo, iibhlog ezinkulu zidla ngokuphelisa ii-lobes zangaphambi kwendawo ebizwa ngokuba "yi-broca ye-broca", kwaye ububanzi beendlela zangaphambili ziyanda, inkqubo yendaleko ethe yaqwalaselwa ngokusekelwe kukukhula kwe-lalmetric. Ukongeza, isifundo uvavanya utshintsho olude lwexesha elide kwi-Skack Stock Fetmentc Toactric (umkhwa wekhandlela ukuze ube nisele) ngokuphakama okwandayo
Imbali ende yophando kwi-Cranial Morphology ibandakanya ukuzama ukuchonga izinto ezisisiseko zeyantlukwano yeemilo ze-cranial. Iindlela zemveli ezisetyenziswa kwizifundo ezininzi zokuqala zazisekwe kwi-Biviariate Idatha yokulinganisa, idla ngokusebenzisa iMartin okanye i-Howells36,37. Kwangelo xesha, izifundo ezininzi ezichazwe apha ngasentla zisebenzise iindlela eziphezulu ezisetyenzisiweyo kusekwe kwi-3D ye-geometric morphometry (GM) yeTekhnoloji ye-MOROGET (GM) yeTekhnoloji5,7,10,20,37,38,38,38,38,38,38. 39. Umzekelo, indlela ye-semindmark ye-semilandmark, esekwe ekwenzeni ukuncitshiswa kwamandla, kweyona ndlela isetyenziswayo kwi-witgenic biology. I-IT ifumana iiprojekthi ze-Semi-slorkrks zetemplate kwisimo ngasinye ngokutyibilika ecaleni kwejika okanye i-PREP38,40,41,43,43,45. Kubandakanywa neendlela ezinjalo, uninzi lwezifundo ze-3D GM isebenzisa uhlalutyo, inqaku elikufutshane (i-ICP) i-algorithm 47 ukuvumela ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo kwemilo nokufakwa kotshintsho. Ngenye indlela, i-Spline yePlate yePlate (i-TPS) ye-48,49 indlela isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengendlela yenguqu engagungqiyo ye-Mecondmark yeMemickmations kwimilo yeMedi.
Ngokuphuhliswa kweskena somzimba ofanelekileyo kwinkulungwane ye-20, izifundo ezininzi zisebenzise i-3D ye-3D yomzimba we-3D ye-35,51. Idatha ye-Scan isetyenziselwa ukukhupha imilinganiselo yomzimba, efuna ukuchaza imilo yomhlaba njengomhlaba kunokuba inqaku lamafu. Ipateni efanelekileyo yindlela ephuhliswe le njongo kwicandelo lemifanekiso yekhompyuter, apho ubume bomphezulu ochazwe yimodeli ye-polygonal mesh. Inyathelo lokuqala lepateni elifanelekileyo kukulungiselela imodeli ye-mesh ukuze uyisebenzise njenge template. Ezinye zee-vertices ezenza le patheni ziimpawu zomhlaba. Itemplate igqityiwe kwaye ihambelana nomphezulu ukuze inciphise umgama phakathi kwetemplate kunye nelifu lenqaku ngelixa ligcina imilo yendawo yetemplate yendawo. Iimpawu zomhlaba kwi template ihambelana neempawu zelifu. Sebenzisa itemplate efanelekileyo, yonke idatha yeskena inokuchazwa njengemodeli ye-mesh ngenani elifanayo lamanqaku kunye nendawo efanayo. Nangona i-homology isebenza kuphela kwizikhundla zomhlaba, inokuthathwa ukuba kukho i-homology ngokubanzi phakathi kweemodeli ezivelisiweyo ukusukela kutshintsho kwi-jometri ye-teemetri ye-teemetri ye-teemetry incinci. Ke ngoko, imodeli yegrid edalwe yitemplate efanelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi-Homology Models52. Inzuzo yetemplate ifanelekile kukuba itemplate inokutshitshiswa kwaye ihlengahlengiswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezivaliweyo ezisondeleyo kumphezulu kodwa kude (umzekelo, i-zygomitic and the arched nganye enye. ukungcungcutheka. Ngale ndlela, ithemplate inokukhuseleka ekuqeqesheleni izinto ezinjengeTorso okanye ingalo, egxalabeni kwindawo emiselweyo. Ukungancedisi kwitemplate efanelekileyo yindleko ephezulu yendlela yokufumana iintshukumo eziphindaphindiweyo, ngenxa yombulelo kuphuculo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwekhompyuter, oku akusasebenzi. Ngokuhlalutya amaxabiso alungelelanisiweyo ye-vertices enza iimodeli ze-mesh esebenzisa iindlela zohlalutyo ezizezinye ezifana nohlalutyo lwecandelo (PCA), kunokwenzeka ukuba zihlalutye utshintsho kwindawo yonke ekusasazeni. inokufunyanwa. Bala kwaye ubenombono13. Nowadays, mesh models generated by template fitting are widely used in shape analysis in various fields52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Inkqubela phambili kwi-mesh eguquguqukayo ye-mesh yokurekhoda, idityaniswa nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezixhobo eziphathwayo ze-3D ezinokuthi zikwazi ukuskena kwisisombululo esiphezulu, isantya, kunye nokuhamba kwe-CT, i-CT TORT ngaphandle kwendawo. Ngenxa yoko, kwicandelo le-anthropology yebhayoloji, itekhnoloji entsha enjalo yandisa amandla okuchaza kwaye ihlalutye iisampulu zoluntu, kubandakanya iisampulu zekawu, eziyinjongo yesi sifundo.
Kwisishwankathelo, olu phononongo lusebenzisa itekhnoloji yemodeli ye-3D ye-Homology esekwe kwitemplate yetemplate (umzobo 1) Ukuvavanya abantu abangama-148 bethabatha i-148 yeemodeli ezikhethiweyo ukusuka kwi-Globloons kwihlabathi liphela. Ukwahluka kwe-cranial morphology (iTheyibhile 1). Ukuphendula ngotshintsho kwi-morphology, safaka impatho ye-PCA kunye ne-PRCA yokusebenza (i-ROC) kwiseti yedatha ye-homology esiveliswayo. Iziphumo ziya kuba negalelo ekuqondeni okungcono kotshintsho lwehlabathi kwi-ranial morphology, kubandakanya iipateni zommandla kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-odolo yommandla kunye nokuncipha kotshintsho, utshintsho oluhlelelekileyo phakathi kwendlela ye-cranial, kunye nobukho bamacandelo obuchule. Nangona olu phando lungathengisi nedatha eguquguqukayo ye-Extrain emelwe yimozulu okanye iimeko zokutya ezinokuthi ziphembelele i-ranphology, iipateni ze-morphology ezibhaliweyo ezibhaliweyo ziya kulindela ukuphononongwa kwendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nezinto zovelwano.
Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa i-eigenvalues kunye negalelo le-PCA elifakelweyo kwidatha engafakwanga ye-17,709 vertices (i-53,127 xyz Contrates Models. Ngenxa yoko, iinxalenye ezili-14 eziphambili zachongwa, igalelo lahluke ngokupheleleyo kwi-1%, kwaye inani lilonke lomahluko babengama-83.68%. Iimpawu ezilayitileyo zezinto ezili-14 eziphambili zibhalwe kwitafile eyongezelelweyo ye-S1, kunye namanqaku ecandelo ukubalwa iisampulu ezingama-342 zibalwa kwiisampulu zekati ezingama-342 zichazwe kwitafile eyongezelelweyo s2.
Olu phando luvavanye izinto eziphambili ezilithoba ngeminikelo enkulu kune-2%, ezinye zazo zibonisa ukwahluka kwendawo enkulu nebalulekileyo kwi-cranial morphology. Umzobo 2 iziqwenga ze-curves eziveliswe kuhlalutyo lweROC ukubonisa ezona zinto zisebenzayo zePCA zokwenza iisampulu ze-geographic kuzo zonke iiyunithi ezinkulu (umz, phakathi kwamazwe aseAfrika nawase-Afrika). Indibaniselwano yasePolynesia yayingavavanywa ngenxa yobungakanani besampulu encinci esetyenziswe kolu vavanyo. Idatha malunga nokubaluleka komahluko kwi-AUC kunye nolunye nkcukachale zisisiseko zibaliwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-ROC baboniswa kwitafile eyongezelelweyo s3.
I-ROC i-ROC isetyenziswa kwi-10 ye-procemate enenqununu esekwe kwi datha ye-vertex equka i-342 ye-homogogous full subs. I-AUC: Indawo ephantsi kwejika kwi-0.01% ibaluleke kakhulu esetyenziselwa ukwahlula indibaniselwano nganye yokudityaniswa kwenye indibaniselwano. I-TPF iyinyani (icalucango elisebenzayo), i-FPF iyonyani (icalucalulo olungasebenziyo).
Ukutolikwa kwe-ROC ijikajika ishwankathelwe apha ngezantsi, kugxilwe kuphela kumacandelo anokwahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlula okanye abakhulu kakhulu kwi-0.001. I-South Asia Stract (Fig. 2A), equlathwe ikakhulu kwiisampulu ezivela kwi-India, zahluke kakhulu kwezinye iisampulu ezixubileyo kwicandelo lokuqala (i-PC1) ine-Auc enkulu (0.856) xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo. Inqaku le-African Cents (Fig. 2b) yi-Auc enkulu ye-PC2 (0.834). I-Austro-melanesion (Fig. 2C 2C) Ibonisa imeko efanayo kuma-Afrika ase-Afrika ase-Afrika nge-PC2 nge-AIC2 ye-AUC enkulu (0.759). Abantu baseYurophu (umzobo 2D) Bahluke ngokupheleleyo kwindibaniselwano yePC2 (AUC = 0.801), i-PC4 (AUC =), i-PC6 (i-PC 3), i-PC 3, ye-PAREAT. I-0.714, kwaye umahluko kwi-PC3 ubuthathaka (Auc = 0.688). La maqela alandelayo achongwa ngamanqanaba asezantsi aphantsi kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okubaluleka: Iziphumo zePC7 (AUC = 0.654) kunye nePC4 (AUC = (AUC = 0.649) ibonise ukuba ikhethekileyo Iimpawu ezinxulumene nale macandelo, i-Aniast Asiah (Fig. Xa kuthelekiswa nabanye apho akukho mahluko mninzi.
Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, ukuba litolike kakhulu i-verredices ehleliweyo, iindawo ezinomgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kune-0.45 imibala ye-X, Y, kunye ne-2. Indawo ebomvu ibonisa unxibelelwano oluphezulu nge I-X-Axis ilungelelanisa, ehambelana nendlela ethe tyaba ethe tyaba. Ingingqi eluhlaza ihambelana kakhulu nokulungelelaniswa okuthe nkqo kwe-Axis ye-Y Axis, kwaye ingingqi eluhlaza emnyama ihambelana kakhulu ne-sagittal yokulungelelanisa kwe-axis ye-z axis. Ingingqi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inxulunyaniswa ne-Axedate ye-Y I-Pink-Indawo edityanisiweyo ehambelana ne-X kunye ne-Z ilungelelanise izembe; I-Yellow-Indawo enxulumene ne-X kunye ne-Y ilungelelanise izembe; Indawo emhlophe ine-x, y kunye ne-Z kwaye i-ZECDdinate Axis ibonakalisiwe. Ke ngoko, kulo mgaqo wexabiso lomthwalo, i-PC 1 inxulunyaniswa wonke umphezulu wekhaka. I-3 ye-SD ye-SD ye-SD esecaleni kwecala le-Axis ye-Axis ikwaboniswa kwiVidiyo ye-S1 iqinisekisa ukuba i-PC1 iqulethe izinto zobukhulu bekatywili.
Ukuhanjiswa rhoqo kwamanqaku e-PC1 (ijika eliqhelekileyo), imephu yemibala ye-sulleng ihambelana kakhulu ne-PC1 vertices (inkcazo yemibala enobungakanani be-axis ye-Axis enobukhulu I-50 mm.
Umzobo 3 ubonakalisa i-Prevency's Plolope (i-curve eqhelekileyo) yamanqaku e-PC1 abalwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwiiyunithi ze-9 zejografi. Ukongeza kwi-roc uqikelelo (umzobo 2), uqikelelo lwase-Asia lwe-Asias kukuthi ngamanye amaxesha lubethelele kakhulu ngasekhohlo kuba i-skils yazo incinci kunaleyo yamanye amaqela emimandla. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, la ma-A Asia Aliaster amele amaqela eentlanga eIndiya kubandakanya nama-Adaman naseNikobar Islands, eSri Lanka kunye neBangladesh.
I-coander eyoneleyo ifunyenwe kwiPC1. Ukufunyanwa kwemimandla ekhuthazayo kakhulu kunye nemilo eboniswayo kukhokelele ekufumaneni kwezinto zezinto zezinto ezizezixhobo ngaphandle kwePC1; Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bezinto azihlali ziphelisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngokuthelekisa i-roc curves (umzobo 2), iPC2 kunye ne-PC4 yayiyeyona ndawo icalulweyo, elandelwa yiPC6 kunye nePC7. I-PC3 kunye ne-PC9 isebenza kakhulu ngokwahlulahlulo lwabemi kwi-geographic. Ngenxa yoko, ezi zibini ze-axes ezibonisa i-scatetic agelots zamanqaku e-PC kunye nendawo yemibala ehambelana necandelo le-3 le-SD (amakhiwane ali-4, 5, 6). I-Convex Hull ye-Hull ye-Hull kwiCandelo leJografi elimele kwezi prograts limalunga neepesenti ezingama-90, nangona kukho inqanaba elithile lokugqithisa ngaphakathi kwamaqela. Itheyibhile 3 ibonelela ngenkcazo yecandelo ngalinye lePCA.
Spatitivesplots ye-PC2 kunye namanqaku e-PC4 abantu abanee-cranial ovela kwiiyunithi zejografi ezilithoba (ngaphezulu) kunye neeyunithi ezine zombala (ongezantsi), y, z). Inkcazo yemibala ye-Axes: Funda isicatshulwa), kunye nokusebenza kwefom ebonakalayo kumacala akwicala le-Axes yi-3 SD. Isikali yindawo eluhlaza enenqanaba le-50 mm.
I-scatetiplots ye-PC6 kunye namanqaku ePC7 ye-Cranial Abantu abavela kwiiyunithi zejografi ezilithoba (ngaphezulu) kunye neendawo ezimbini zendawo (ezantsi), i-cranial pronices vertices ehambelana kakhulu ne-X, Y, Z). Inkcazo yemibala ye-Axes: Funda isicatshulwa), kunye nokusebenza kwefom ebonakalayo kumacala akwicala le-Axes yi-3 SD. Isikali yindawo eluhlaza enenqanaba le-50 mm.
Iipati ezisasaza zePC3 kunye nePC9 yamanqaku abantu abanee-cuographic ze-geographic (ephezulu) kunye neendawo ezintathu zendawo (ephantsi), kunye nee-vertices ze-verpt : i-cm . Isicatshulwa), kunye neengxaki zobume ezibonakalayo kumacala ahlukeneyo kule axes kunye nobukhulu obuyi-3 SD. Isikali yindawo eluhlaza enenqanaba le-50 mm.
Kwigrafu ebonisa amanqaku ePC2 kunye ne-PC4 (i-CP4 (i-4, ividiyo eyongezelelweyo s2, i-S3 ibonisa ukuba imephu yomthwalo) ibonakalisiwe xa i-PC1 ngoba Ixabiso le-PC2 umthwalo opheleleyo ungaphantsi kwePC1.
I-Elongiplay ye-Special kunye ne-Opecipital Lobes kwindawo ye-SEGITTAL ecaleni kwe-Z-Axis yebunzi (emnyama eluhlaza). Le grafu ibonisa amanqaku kubo bonke abantu kwihlabathi liphela; Nangona kunjalo, xa zonke iisampulu ezibandakanya inani elikhulu lamaqela ziboniswa ngaxeshanye, ukutolikwa kweepateni zokusasaza kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokugqithisa; Ke ngoko, ukusuka kwiiyunithi ezine ezinkulu zejografi (okt, iAfrika-wase-Australasia-Melanesia, iYurophu, i-Europeast Asia), iisampulu zasasazwa ngezantsi kwe-3 sd ye-CREAL SPREARY PHINGORT kwi-PC yamanqaku e-PC. Kumzobo, i-PC2 kunye ne-PC4 izibini zamanqaku. Abantu base-Audal kunye ne-Austro-Melanesia bagqithise ngaphezulu kwaye basasazwa kwicala lasekunene, ngelixa abantu baseYurophu basasazeke kwi-Seap engasentla nasempumatini basempuma ekhohlo. I-Axis ethe tye ye-PC2 ibonisa ukuba abantu base-Afrika / yase-Australia base-African bane-neuronium ende kunenye abantu. I-PC4, apho indibaniselwano ye-Asia ne-Euroheat Asia yahlulwe kakhulu, inxulunyaniswa nobungakanani besaladi kunye nokuqikelelwa kwamathambo e-zygomic kunye ne-comparal ye-calvarium. Iskimu se-Scoloing sibonisa ukuba abantu baseYurophu banee-maxillary ezixineneyo kunye ne-zeygomic, ithambo le-FOSSA elincinci elimiselweyo yithambo le-ZyGomatic, ngelixa i-pubifial Bone, ngelixa i-EAPEGOAT AMES . I-lobe yangaphambili ityekele, isiseko sethambo le-Occipital liyaphakanyiswa.
Xa ugxile kwi-PC6 kunye nePC7 (i-PC. luhlaza). Y axis), ubume bethambo le-typerral (i-Blue: y kunye ne-Z axes) kunye ne-One-Pink Sone (Pink: x Axes). Ukongeza kububanzi bebunzi Kwiphaneli ephezulu yomzobo 5, zonke iisampulu zejografi zisasazwa ngokwe-PC6 amanqaku ePC7. Ngenxa yokuba i-roc ibonisa ukuba i-PC6 iqulethe izinto ezifanayo eYurophu nakwi-PC7 zibonisa amanqaku aseMelika kolu hlalutyo, ezi sampulu zimbini zazicebacelwe okwenziwe kwi-axes ye-axes. Abantu baseMelika baseMelika, nangona babandakanyiwe ngokubanzi kwisampula, basasazeke kwikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo; Kwelinye icala, iisampulu ezininzi zaseYurophu zihlala zibekwe kwikona esezantsi ngasekunene. I-PC6 yePC3 kunye nePC7 imele inkqubo ye-alveolar ye-alveolar kunye ne-neurocraunium ebanzi yaseYurophu, ngelixa amaMelika abonakaliswa yibunzi elicekeceke, i-maxilla enkulu kunye ne-maxillar inkqubo.
Uhlalutyo lwe-ROC lubonise ukuba i-PC3 kunye / okanye iPC9 yayiqhelekile kumazantsi mpuma kunye nasemantla-mpuma eAsia. Ngokuhambelana, amanqaku e-PC3 PC3 , echasene nobukhali ngokulinganayo kububuso obuphezulu bamampuma asempuma kunye nobuso obusezantsi boMzantsi-mancinda asempuma. Ngaphandle kweempawu zobuso, olunye uphawu lwamacala amanye amantshontsho asempuma ye-Exasda ithambo lethambo le-ofisi yomthetho, ngelixa ama-AsiaheaS asemazantsi e-Asia anesiseko se-subull sukhwele.
Inkcazo engentla yezinto eziphambili kwaye inkcazo yePC5 kunye ne-PC8 ishiyiwe kuba akukho mpawu zichaziweyo zengingqi zifunyenwe phakathi kweeyunithi ezisithoba zejografi. I-PC5 ibhekisa kubungakanani benkqubo ye-mastoid yethambo lexeshana, kwaye i-PC8 ibonisa i-asymmetry ye-asymmetry ye-skymet ye-Skaugle Sok, zombini zibonisa umahluko ohambelana ne-gemographic yendawo.
Ukongeza kwii-scatetiplots zamanqaku enqanaba le-PCA, sikwabonelela nge-scatetiss yeqela kuthetha ukuthelekisa ngokubanzi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imodeli ye-rancial ye-homology yenziwa kwi-vertex yedatha yeemodeli ze-homology ezivela kwizizwe ezili-148. Iiplagi ze-Bivivariate ze-PC2 ye-PC2 kunye ne-PC4, iPC6 kunye nePC7, kunye nePC3 kunye nePC3 kunye nePC9, zonke ziboniswe kwimodeli yongezelelweyo ye-148 yabantu. Ngale ndlela, ukuqhekeza iitayinti zifihla umahluko kwiqela ngalinye, ukuvumela ukutolikwa okucacileyo kwezinto ezifanayo zenkukhu ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwengingqi, apho iipateni zihambelana nezona zichazwe ngaphantsi. Inani elongezelelweyo le-S2 libonisa imodeli epheleleyo yecandelo lendawo nganye.
Ukongeza kwi-PC1, eyayinxulunyaniswa nobukhulu obutsha (itafile eyongezelelweyo s2), ubudlelwane be-Iflometric i-study benza ubungakanani beesenti kunye neeseti ze-PCA zisebenzisa idatha engaqhelekanga. Allometric coefficients, constant values, t values, and P values in the significance test are shown in Table 4. No significant allometric pattern components associated with overall skull size were found in any cranial morphology at the P < 0.05 level.
Kungenxa yokuba ezinye zezinto ezinokubandakanywa kwi-PC Qiemet eziSeta zedatha ezingesosiqhelo, siphinda sihlolisise imeko ye-Deseroid phakathi kobungakanani be-CentaRid (PCA iziphumo zeS6 ). , C7). Itheyibhile 4 ibonisa iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-lelfmetric. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela ezibalulekileyo ze-noalmetric zafunyanwa kwinqanaba le-1% kwi-PC6 nakwinqanaba le-5% kwi-PC10. Umzobo 7 ubonakalisa i-quarsion yophando lwalo lwakhiwo lwe-LOG PREARP phakathi kwePC kunye nobukhulu be-centroid nge-dummies (± 3 sd) ekupheleni kobukhulu be-Centroid. Inqaku le-PC6 ngumlinganiselo wobubanzi kunye nobubanzi bekhaka. Njengobukhulu be-suka, i-suk nobuso nobuso bube ngaphezulu, nebunzi, iziseko zamehlo kunye neempumlo zidla ngokusondeleyo. Iphethini yesampulu yesampulu ibonisa ukuba le nxalenye ifumaneka kumantla-mpuma nabantu baseMelika baseMelika. Ngaphezu koko, i-PC10 ibonisa imeko yokuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo kumhlaba we-midface ngaphandle kwendawo yendawo.
Ulwalamano olungelwe ludweliswe etafileni, ithambeka lomgca wokulogsha phakathi kwenxalenye yePC yecandelo (ifunyenwe kwidatha ye-centroid) kunye nobukhulu be-centroid, ubume bendawo ye-SD kwi-3 SD kwi icala kwicala le-4.
Le ndlela ilandelayo yotshintsho kwi-cranial morphology ibonakalisiwe kuhlalutyo lweedatha ze-homogogous 3d imifuziselo. Icandelo lokuqala le-PCA linxulumene nobukhulu obutsha. Kudala kucingelwa ukuba iiSutills ezincinci zama-Asintal, kubandakanya iisampulu ezivela eIndiya, eSri Lanka kunye ne-Andaman Island, i-bangladen, ihambelana ne-ecogeographic yoMzimba we-Ecogemann okanye i-Bergman, kwi-613,25,25, 27,62. Eyokuqala inxulumene neqondo lobushushu, kwaye okwesibini kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekhoyo kunye nemithombo yokutya ye-nico. Phakathi kwezinto zemo, olona tshintsho lukhulu ngumlinganiso wobude nobubanzi bendawo ye-cranial vault. Eli nqaku, i-PC2 ekhethiweyo, ichaza ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kweeSutills ze-Austro-Melanesia nabantu, abantu baseAfrika, kunye nomahluko kwimitha yaseYurophu kunye nasempumatini. Ezi mpawu zixelwe kwizifundo ezininzi zangaphambili ngokusekwe kwimilinganiselo elula yelayini377,63,64. Ngapha koko, lo mkhwa unxulunyaniswa neBrachyCephaly kubantu abangengowasehlabathi, ekudala kuxoxwe kwi-Anthropometric kunye ne-OSTESTCIC. The main hypothesis behind this explanation is that decreased mastication, such as thinning of the temporalis muscle, reduces pressure on the outer scalp5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Enye i-hypothesis ibandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kweyona ndawo ibandayo ngokunciphisa indawo yentloko, ephakamisa ukuba isikhangeli se-firrical sperlical inciphisa indawo engaphezulu kwendawo enobuzaza, ngokwemigaqo ye-allen's Imigaqo. Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zofundo lwangoku, ezi hypotheses zinokuvavanywa kuphela ngokusekwe kulungelelaniso lwe-cronial ye-cranial. Ngesishwankathelo, iziphumo zethu ze-PCA aziyixhasi ngokupheleleyo i-hypothesis ephenjelelwa kakhulu ziimeko zokuhlafuna, njenge-PC2 kunye nendawo yokuhlala yefosra yexeshana (ebonisa ivolumu yemisipha yethutyana). Isifundo sethu sangoku khange sihlalutye ubudlelwane phakathi kobume be-camper kunye neemeko zemo zemo zemo yemo yemo yemozulu efana nobushushu; Nangona kunjalo, inkcazo esekwe kumgaqo ka-Allen kusenokufanele ukuthathela ingqalelo njenge-chpothesis enomgqatswa ukuchaza i-brackingphan kwimimandla yemozulu ebandayo.
Umahluko obalulekileyo emva koko wafumaneka kwi-PC4, ephakamisa ukuba amantshontsho ase-mpuma anamathambo amakhulu aphezulu, awaziwa yi-zygomitic kwi-maxilla naseZygutic amathambo. Olu phononongo luyahambelana nophawu olukhethekileyo lwamaSibhasi, ekucingelwa ukuba luye lwaziqhelanisa namathambo abandayo kakhulu ngokuhamba kwamathambo e-zygomicic, okukhokelela kumthamo owongezelelekileyo wama-65. Ukufunyanwa okutsha kwimodeli yethu ye-homologous kukuqhuqhunkqo okuyintloko eYurophu kunxulunyaniswa nokuthambeka komhlaba, kunye namathambo aqingqiweyo kunye namathambo acocekileyo kunye ne-chablic kunye ne-nuclavity. Ngokwahlukileyo, amantshontsho ase-Perfast adla ngokutyibilika ebunzini kwaye akhulise imimandla efumileyo. Izifundo zethambo le-Occipital isebenzisa iindlela zejometri zejometri35 ziye zabonisa ukuba i-Anian kunye ne-Euroul Sokils zine curve ye-nuctul i-nuctul kunye nendawo esezantsi ye-osckiput xa ithelekiswa nama-Afrika. Nangona kunjalo, isangqalo sethu se-PC2 kunye ne-PC4 kunye nePC3 kunye nezibini ze-PC9 zibonise ukwahluka okukhulu kwabase-Asintal, ngelixa abantu baseYurophu babonakaliswa sisiseko se-swibble kunye ne-swibbut esezantsi. Ukungahambelani kwiimpawu ze-Asiya phakathi kwezifundo kunokubangelwa ziisampulu ezisetyenziswayo, njengoko sasisampuluni inani elikhulu lezizwe ezivela kwi-mpuma engasentla nase-Asia. Utshintsho kubume bethambo le-Occipital luhlala lunxulunyaniswa nophuhliso lwemisipha. Nangona kunjalo, le nkcaso iguquguqukayo ayikhathali yokunxibelelana phakathi kwebunzi kunye ne-oftibut yobume, obonakaliswe kolu phando kodwa abubonakalanga ukuba kubonisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokumalunga noku, kufanelekile ukuba ujonge ubudlelwane phakathi kobunzima bomzimba kunye neziko lomxhuzulane okanye i-curvical junction (foramen) okanye ezinye izinto.
Elinye icandelo elibalulekileyo elinomahluko omkhulu lihambelana nokuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-SEATATATION, ezimelwe yi-MASSAERY NE-FOSSSAE, echazwe yi-PC6, iPC7 kunye nePC4. Olu hlaselo lubekiweyo kwiziqendu ze-cranial babonisa abantu baseYurophu ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye iqela lendawo. Eli nqaku litolikitywe ngenxa yokuzimela kwe-morphology yobuso ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwasekuqaleni kwezolimo kunye nokunciphisa umthwalo woomatshini wezixhobo ze-masticatory 9,12,28,28,28,28,28. Ngokwesiqhelo somsebenzi we-asticatory hypothesis, 28 Oku kuhamba kunye notshintsho kwi-Sokhing ye-cascing yesiseko se-cull base kwi-angle ye-cranial ced kunye nophahla lwe-cranial rancial. Ukusuka kolu luvo, abantu bezolimo behlala benobuso be-compact, ukuguquguquka okuncinci kwentsingiselo, kunye nokuntywila okungaphezulu. Ke ngoko, le ngxaki inokuchazwa ngulwandlalo ngokubanzi lobume be-Europe of Auroped nge-orticatory ye-masticatory. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kolu phononongo, le ntetho inzima ngenxa yokuba ukubaluleka kokusebenza kobudlelwane be-morphological phakathi kwe-Globostium kunye nophuhliso lwesixhobo se-Globost samkelekile, njengoko siqwalaselwe kwi-PC2 ye-PC2.
Umahluko phakathi kwamaNtla asempuma kunye nama-Asia asempuma-mpuma abonakaliswa ngumahluko phakathi kobuso obude kunye nethambo le-ofisi ka-Occipital kunye ne-CHCE SAKWANA, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-PC3 kunye nePC9. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwedatha ye-geoecogical, isifundo sethu sibonelela ngenkcazo elinganiselweyo yokufumana oku. Ingcaciso enokwenzeka luqokelelo kwimozulu eyahlukileyo okanye iimeko zesondlo. Ukongeza kokulungelelaniswa kwendalo, ukwahluka kwengingqi kwimbali yabemi basempuma-mpuma nakumazantsi-mpuma yeAsia nayo kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Umzekelo, kwimpuma ye-Eurasia, imodeli ye-Winder ezimbini ibizifumene ukuba iqonde abantu banamhlanje Ngokwale modeli, "i-tier yokuqala", oko kukuthi, amaqela entlavane e-Amenistocene Amh, anezinto ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi okanye ezingaphantsi kwe-austro-melanesion (p. , kwaye kamva wafumana i-temoting enkulu yezizwe zaseMantla ezineempawu zasempuma zeAsia (umaleko wesibini) kwingingqi (malunga ne-4,000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo). I-geneng gene ihamba isebenzisa imodeli "ye-Winder" ezimbini ziya kufuneka ukuze ziqonde ubume base-mpuma ye-shoniast, inikwe ukuba kubekho i-mpuma ye-mpuma ye-mpuma ye-Asia ixhomekeke kwilifa lemveli yendawo yokuqala.
Ngokuvavanya ukufana kwe-cranial kusetyenziswa iiyunithi zejografi kusetyenziswa iimodeli zeHomogogous, sinokuyisela imbali yabemi engaphantsi kwe-AMF kwi-Afrika. Uninzi lwahlukileyo "ophuma e-Afrika" ucetywe ukuba achaze ukusasazwa kwe-AMF ngokusekwe kwi-skeletal kunye nedatha ye-NEEMIC. Kwezi uphononongo lwakutsha nje libonisa ukuba i-AmH yobuqhetseba yeendawo ezingaphandle kweAfrika zaqala kwiminyaka eyi-177,000 eyadlulayo69,70. Nangona kunjalo, ukusasazeka komgama we-AMF kwi-EURAE ngeli xesha kuhlala kungaqinisekanga, kuba iindawo zokuhlala ezisele zinqongophele kwi-Mbindi Mpuma kunye neMeditera kufutshane ne-Afrika kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane ne-Meditera kufutshane neAfrika. Elona meko ilula yindawo yokuhlala enye kwindlela yokufuduka esuka e-Afrika ukuya e-Eurasia, edlula imiqobo efana neHimalayas. Enye imodeli icebisa amaza amaninzi okufuduka, eyokuqala esasazeka e-Afrika ekunxweme nasempuma naseAustheast Asia nase-Australia, emva koko wasasazeka emantla e-Eurasia. Uninzi lwezi zifundo ziqinisekisa ukuba i-AMF isasazwe ngaphaya kwe-Afrika kwiminyaka engama-60,000 eyadlulayo. Kule meko, u-Australasian-Melanesia (kubandakanya iisampulu ukubonisa ukufana okukhulu kwiisampulu zase-Afrika kunalo naluphi na olunye uthotho lwezinto eziphambili ze-homology model. Oku kufumanisa ukuba ixhasa i-hypothesis ukuba amaqela okuqala asasazekileyo ye-AMF avela emazantsi e-Eurasia avele ngqo e-Afrika22,68 ngaphandle kotshintsho olubalulekileyo lwe-morphological okanye ezinye iimeko ezibalulekileyo.
Ngokuphathelele ukukhula kwe-leflotric, uhlalutyo besebenzisa izinto zobume ezivela kwidatha eyahlukileyo esekwe kwi-Cental ye-Centals ebonisa indlela ebalulekileyo kwi-PC6 kunye nePC10. Omabini amacandelo ahambelana nobume bebunzi kunye neenxalenye zobuso, eziba mincili njengesayizi yekakayi. Empuma-ntshona nama-Ameriel kunye namaMelika athambekele ukuba neli nqaku kwaye ane skuls ezinkulu. Oku kufumanisa iipatheni ze-allometric ngaphambili zesakhiwo apho iingqondo ezikhulu ziye zaluhlutha khona ii-lobes ezibanzi zangaphambi kokuba "yi-broca" ye-broca ", ezikhokelela kububanzi be-lobe yangaphambili ye-lober34. Lo mahluko uchazwa ngumahluko kwiiseti zesampula; Ukufundisisa kwethu kufundisisa i-LocalMetric PartsMetric yobukhulu be-cranial jikelele usebenzisa abantu abemi banamhlanje, kunye nedilesi yesifundo sokuthelekisa ixesha elide ekwenzeni indaleko.
Ngokuphathelele i -almmetry yobuso, isifundo esinye sisebenzisa idatha ye-biometric ye-biometric78 ifumanise ukuba ubuso bobuso kunye nobukhulu bunokuhlelwa kancinci, ukufundisisa kwethu kwakufumanisa ukuba i-shuls enkulu ithe yanxulunyaniswa nemide kakhulu, ebusweni bamancinci. Nangona kunjalo, ukungqinelana kwedatha ye-biometric akucacanga; Iimvavanyo zokuhlengahlengiswa ezithelekiswa ne-Allometic ye-Allometry kunye ne-Altic Affametry bonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Utyekelo lwe-nolfmetric kwi-skick sukring ye-spaung ye-skick ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo kwayo ixeliwe; Nangona kunjalo, asihlalutye idatha yokuphakama. Isifundo sethu sibonisa ukuba akukho datha ye-lalfutic ibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kobungakanani be-cranial firlion kunye nobungakanani be-cranial gener nganye nge-se.
Nangona isifundo sethu sangoku singahambelani nedatha eziguquguqukayo ze-ExtrinIc ezimelwe yimozulu okanye iimeko zokutya ezinokuthi zichaphazele i-ranphology, iseti yedatha ye-humologous esetyenziswe kolu phononongo iya kunceda ukuvavanywa kwe-phenoct phenotlical yengqondo. Izinto zokusingqongileyo ezinjengokutya, imozulu kunye neemeko zesondlo, kunye nemikhosi engathathi hlangothi ezinjengokufuduka, ukuhamba kwemfuza kunye nokuhamba kwemfuza.
Olu phononongo lubandakanya iisampulu ze-shulls ezingamadoda eziqokelelwe ukusuka kwi-148 yabantu kwiiyunithi ze-9 zejografi (iTheyibhile 1). Uninzi lwamaqela ziisampulu zemveli, ngelixa amanye amaqela e-Afrika, emantla-mpuma / mpuma eAsia kunye ne-AMERIA (ezidweliswe kwi-Italics) zichazwe ngokucacileyo. Uninzi lwe-cranial mismumens lukhethwe kwidatha yendlela yokulinganisa ye-cranin ngokwenkcazo yemilinganiselo yokulinganisa uMartin ebonelelwe yiTsunehiko Hanihara. Sikhethi Sele i-sutls yamadoda avela kuzo zonke izizwe zehlabathi. Ukuchonga amalungu eqela ngalinye, sibala umgama we-Euclidean ngokusekwe kumanyathelo angama-37 e-cranial kwiqela kuthetha ukuba bonke abantu belo qela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, sikhethe iisampulu eziyi-1-4 ngomgama omncinci ukusuka kwi-it (itafile eyongezelelweyo s4). Kula maqela, ezinye iisampulu zakhethwa ngokungacwangciswanga ukuba zazingadweliswanga kwindawo yokulinganisa i-hahara.
Ukuthelekiswa kweenkcukacha-manani, iisampulu zabantu ezili-148 zahlulwa ngokwamaqela kwiiyunithi ezinkulu zejografi, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1. Iqela elithi "Afrika" liqukethe iisampuli ezivela kwingingqi ye-sahara. Iisampulu ezivela kuMntla Afrika zibandakanyiwe "kwi-Middle East" kunye neesampulu ezivela eNtshona Asia enemiqathango efanayo. Iqela lasempuma lase-Asia libandakanya kuphela abantu bemvelaphi yaseYurophu, kwaye iqela laseMelika libandakanya kuphela abantu abadala. Ngokukodwa, eli qela lisasazwa kwingingqi enkulu yamazwekazi aseNyakatho naseMzantsi Afrika, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, siqwalasele isampulu ye-US kwiCandelo elinye leJografi, enikezwe imbali ye-demographic amaMelika athathwa njengemvelaphi yasempuma ye-Asiya, ngaphandle kokufuduka okungaphandle kwe-80.
Sibhale idatha ye-3D yale midlalo ye-surimeng usebenzisa iskena esiphezulu se-3D (i-Einscan Pro ngokukhanya kwe-3D ye-3D ye-LTD, i-03: //) kwaye ivelise i-mesh. Imodeli ye-METS inamacala amalunga ne-2000-4,000 verices, kunye nesoftware ebandakanywayo isetyenziselwa ukugcwalisa imingxunya kunye nemiphetho egudileyo.
Kwinyathelo lokuqala, sasisebenzisa idatha yeskena ukusuka nakweyiphi na i-scate ye-template ye-template ye-template ye-tempt ye-4485 vertices (8728 yobuso). Isiseko sendawo ye-sulleng, equka ithambo le-slohenoid, ithambo lexeshana elikhulayo, inkangala, i-maxillary alhloori, kunye namazinyo, isuswe kwimodeli ye-mesh. Isizathu kukuba amacandelo ngamanye amaxesha angaphelelanga okanye kunzima ukugqiba ngenxa yeendawo ezinqabileyo okanye ezinqabileyo ezifana neenkqubo ze-parygoid kunye neenkqubo ze-staid, i-STyloid, okanye iseti yamazinyo. Isiseko sekhaka esijikeleze i-foramen, kubandakanya isiseko, sasingaphindwanga kuba le yindawo ebalulekileyo yendawo yokuhlala kwindawo yokudibanisa i-furvical kunye nokuphakama kwekayili kufuneka kuvavanywe. Sebenzisa amakhonkco esipili ukwenza itemplate enokufakwa kumacala omabini. Yenza i-isotropic ngokuthe chu ukuguqula imilo ye-polygonal ukuba ibe njengelinganetanga njengoko kunokwenzeka.
Emva koko, iimpawu zomhlaba ezingama-56 zabelwa izixhobo ezihambelana ne-anatomiding zemodeli ye templates zisebenzisa isoftware ye-HBM-Rugle. Useto lomhlaba uqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokuzinza kwendawo yomhlaba kwaye kuqinisekiswe i-homology yezi ndawo kwimodeli ye-homology evelisiweyo. Banokuchongwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zabo ezithile, njengoko kubonisiwe kwitheyibhile yongezelelweyo s5 kunye nesongezelelo s3. Ngokwenkcazo yetekisi yencwadi yetekisiyo81, uninzi lwezi mpawu zomhlaba luchwetheza ndibemi kwindawo ezintathu, kwaye ezinye ziimpawu ze-II zomhlaba ezinamanqaku aphezulu e-curvature ephezulu. Iimpawu ezininzi zomhlaba zatshintshelwa kwiindawo ezichazwe kwimilinganiselo ye-cranin ye-martin kwinkcazo engama-34.
Inkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwentloko yentloko ichaziwe ukuchaza idatha yeskena kunye netemplate, njengoko kubonisiwe kwinani elongezelelweyo s4. Indiza ye-XZ yiplanethi ethe tyaba i-Frankfurt edlula kweyona ndawo iphakamileyo (inkcazo kaMartin: Icandelo) lomda ophezulu we-canal kunye neyona ndawo iphantsi (i-martin intsingiselo) yomphetho ongezantsi we-orbit . . I-X Axis ngumgca odibanisa amacala asekhohlo nasekunene, kwaye x + licala lasekunene. Inqwelomoya ye-YZ idlula embindini wezinto zasekhohlo nasekunene kunye nengcambu yempumlo: y + phezulu, z + phambili. Inqaku lesalathiso (imvelaphi: I-zero ilungelelanisa) isetiwe kwi-Inz ye-Yz Play (i-Midhinene), inqwelomoya (iFrank) kunye ne-thylic).
Sisebenzise isoftware ye-HBM-Rugle (i-DIGning Mehlo, i-Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.) ukwenza i-romologo.com. Icandelo leSoftware leSoftware, elaphuhliswa liziko lophando lwabantu lwedijithali kwi-Instit Science Science Advanced Inzululwazi kunye ne-HBM kwaye isebenza iimodeli ze-temples ezifanelekileyo zisebenzisa umphezulu wesahlulelo82. Inguqulelo yesoftware elandelayo (MHBM) i-83 yongezwa inqaku lepateni efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuphucula ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. I-HBM-Rugle idibanisa isoftware ye-MHBM eneempawu ezongeziweyo zomsebenzisi kubandakanya iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa kunye nokubuyisa idatha yokufaka kwakhona. Ukunyaniseka kokuchaneka kwesoftware kuqinisekisiwe kwizifundo ezininzi52,54,55,57,57,58,59,59,60.
Xa ifanelekile itemplate ye-HBM-Rugle isebenzisa i-Deshi ye-MESE, i-template ye-template ye-template ikwidatha eqingqiweyo ngokubhaliswa kwe-ICP ngokusekwe kwitemplate ye-ICP kwi-template kunye nedatha ekujoliswe kuyo), kwaye Emva koko ngengxaki engagungqiyo ye-mesh iguqulela itemplate kwidatha ejolise kuyo. Le nkqubo efanelekileyo yaphindaphindwa kathathu isebenzisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo eeparamitha ezimbini ezifanelekileyo ukuphucula ukuchaneka kwento efanelekileyo. Enye yezi paramitha inciphisa umgama phakathi kwemodeli ye-template ye-template kunye nedatha ekujolise kuyo, kwaye enye isohlwayo umgama phakathi kweempawu zomhlaba zetemplate kunye neempawu zethagethi. Imodeli engalunganga ye-mesh ye-mesh yahlulwa kwi-Algorithm yoMhlaba we-Cycrithm 82 ukwenza imodeli ye-mesh ye-mesh ehlaziyiweyo ene-17,709 vertuces (34,928 polygons). Okokugqibela, imodeli ye-template edid ye-Grid yeQela ilungele i-ScanO ekujoliswe kuyo ukuze ivelise imodeli ye-homology. Kuba iindawo eziphawula zona zahluke kancinane kwezi zikwidatha ye-ScanOt yedatha, imodeli ye-homology yayilungile ukuze ichaze inkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwentloko echazwe kwicandelo eliyintloko. Umgama ophakathi phakathi kweemodeli ze-holomogous ezihambelanayo kunye nedatha ekujolise kuyo kuzo zonke iisampulu ze <0.01 mm. Ukubala usebenzisa umsebenzi we-HBM-Rugle, umgama ophakathi phakathi kwamanqaku edatha ye-Homology Momes kunye nedatha ye-Scan i-0.322 mm (itheyibhile yongezo i-S2).
Ukuchaza utshintsho kwi-cranial morphology, ii-verices ezili-17,709 (ezingama-53,127 ze-XYZ , Japan (uMthengisi oDibeneyo: Injineli yeMidlalo, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/). Emva koko siye sazama ukusebenzisa i-PCA ukuya kwiseti yedatha engalinganiyo kunye nedatha esekwe ubungakanani be-centid. Ke, i-PCA esekwe kwidatha engasentla inokubonisa ngokucacileyo ubume be-cranial yeeyunithi zejografi zejografi kwaye ziququzelele ukuthunyelwa kwento yePCA esebenzisa idatha esemgangathweni.
Eli nqaku libonisa inani lezinto eziphambili ezifunyenweyo ngegalelo elingaphezulu kwe-1% yomahluko opheleleyo. Ukufumanisa izinto eziphambili ezisebenzayo kakhulu kumaqela ahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezinkulu zejografi, uhlalutyo lwempawu ezisebenzayo (i-ROC) zasetyenziswa kwigalelo elinegalelo elingaphezulu kwe-2% 84. Olu hlalutyo luvelisa ijika elinokwenzeka kwicandelo ngalinye le-PCA ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-PQUistation kunye nokuthelekisa ngokuchanekileyo iiplani phakathi kwamaqela amajoni. Inqanaba lamandla ocalucalulo inokuvavanywa yindawo ephantsi kwejika (Auc), apho izinto ze-PCA ezinamaxabiso amakhulu zinokwazi ukucalucalula phakathi kwamaqela. Uvavanyo lwe-chi-sikwere lwenziwa ukuvavanya inqanaba lokubaluleka. Uhlalutyo lwe-ROC lwenziwa kwiMicrosoft Excel usebenzisa i-bell curve yesoftware ye-Excel (inguqulelo 3.21).
Ukubonakalisa ukubona umahluko wejografi kwi-cranial morphology, ii-scatetits zenziwe usebenzisa amanqaku ePC ebaluleke kakhulu kwiiyunithi ezinkulu zejografi. Ukutolika izinto eziphambili, sebenzisa imephu yemibala ukuze ube nembono ye-verments imodeli ehambelana kakhulu nezinto eziphambili. Ukongeza, ukumelwa okukhoyo kweziphelo ze-Axes icandelo eliyintloko elifumanekayo kwi-3 ± ekuphambuka komgangatho (SD) wezinto eziphambili zenqanaba ukuba zibaliwe zaza zanikwa ividiyo yongezelelo.
I-Adlometry yayisetyenziselwa ukumisela ubudlelwane phakathi kobume bekhama kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezivavanywa kuhlalutyo lwePCA. Uhlalutyo luvumelekile kwiinxalenye eziphambili ngegalelo> 1%. Umda omnye wale PCA kukuba izinto zobume azinakubonisa imilo kuba iseti yedatha engaqhelekanga ayisusi zonke izinto ezinkulu. Ukongeza ekusebenziseni iiseti zedatha ezingahambelaniyo, siphinde sahlalutya iindlela ze-loflometric usebenzisa i-PC yamaqhezu e-Centroid esekwe kwidatha eyintloko enemirhumo enemirhumo kunye negalelo> 1%.
Iindlela ze-le allometric zavavanywa usebenzisa i-equation y = i-AXB 85 apho i-Y ingaba yindawo yecandelo, i-x yi-Centre Rid (i-X yixabiso eliqhelekileyo, kwaye i-B yi-Addmetric aftic applic. Le ndlela ngokusisiseko yazisa ukukhula kwezifundo ze -alcetric ukukhula kwejometri morphometry78,86. Inguqu ye-logarithmic yele fomula yile: I-Log y = B × Logig X + Log A. Uhlalutyo lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo usebenzisa indlela encinci yeqela lenziwe ukubala i-A kunye ne-b. Xa y (ubukhulu be-Centroid) kunye ne-X (amanqaku e-PC) baguqukele, le milinganiselo ixabisekileyo kufuneka ibe nethemba; Nangona kunjalo, iseti yoqikelelo lwe-x inamaxabiso ambi. Njengesisombululo, songeze ngokujikeleza ixabiso elipheleleyo leqhezu elincinci kunye ne-1 kwinxalenye nganye kwicandelo ngalinye kwaye basebenzise i-logorithmic amaqhezu aguqulweyo. Ukubaluleka kwe-almetric coefficic kuvavanywa kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lwe-t ezimbini zomfundi. Ezi zinto zibalwa kweenkcukacha-manani zokuvavanya ukukhula kwe-allometric zenziwa zisebenzisa i-bell ijika kwisoftware ye-Excel (inguqulelo 3.21).
I-Wolpoff, i-MH yemozulu kwiimpumlo zethambo le-skeleton. Ewe. UJ. Ubuntu. 29, 405-423. https: //oi.org/202/aJPA.13302315 (1968).
I-Biels, ubume bentloko ye-KL kunye noxinzelelo lwemozulu. Ewe. UJ. Ubuntu. 37, 85-92. https://doi.org/202/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
IXESHA LOKUQALA: APR-02-2024